BIOL 1107 2
Terms
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- What's an isotope?
- forms of an element with different number of neutrons, therefore a diff. mass.
- what is a hydrogen bond?
- bond bt/w H of one molecule and O of another molecule.
- what kind of bond occurs when electrons are not shared equally?
- polar covalent
- cohesion?
- collectively, H bonds hold water together
- pH levels above 7 are Acid or Base?
- Base
- carbon atoms form how many bonds? what kind of bonds?
- 4 covalent bonds
- draw a carbonyl group and a carboxyl group.
-
carboxyl has a hydroxyl group connected (COOH) and a carbonal group does not (CO).
both have a double bond with O - draw an amino group. What are the properties?
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NH2
act as a base; HYDROPHILIC - Draw a sulfhydryl group
-
-SH
2 can stabilize protein structure
HYDROPHILIC -
draw a phosphate grp.
properties? -
OPO3
1.can transfer energy,
2.makes a molecule an anion
HYDROPHILIC - properties of Carboxyl groups
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acidic properties
found in ionic form in cells - Ketones and Aldehydes.
-
these are carbonyl groups.
ketones are w/in the carbon skeleton, and
Aldehydes are at the end of a carbon skeleton. - Hydroxyl group properties?
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polar b/c of O atom drawing electrons
attracts H2O molecules - when 2 amino acids join together to form a larger molecule, what happens?
- water molecule is lost (dehydration/condensation rxn)
- what are the 4 main classes of large biological molecules
- lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
- what is hydrolysis?
- the insertion of a water molecule to connect to monomers, making a polymer. (the bonds of the monomers are broken by the water; a Hydrogen and Hydroxyl group split up and each attach to different monomer)
- how do you classify a carbohydrate; or how many carbons long is the C-skeleton?
- 3 to 7
- what is the shape of glucose and most other sugars in aqueous solutions?
- a ring
- name a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.
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M- Glu, Fru, Gal
Di- Sucrose, Lactose
Poly- Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose - what are glucose's 2 ring forms? which one is present in starch? Cellulose?
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alpha (coiled/helical)
beta (straight)
starch- alpha
Cellulose- beta
humans can digest starch - name the pyramidines and purines
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pyramid: cytosine, thymine, uracil
purine: adenine, guanine - which nitrogenous base is not found only in RNA but not DNA?
- uracil