Literature Final
Terms
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- Works and Days
- This literary work complained about the "gift devouring" aristocracy
- Rousseau
- Said, "I felt before I thought"
- Edward Fitzgerald
- Translated Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat into English in 1859
- Humanitarianism
- Active desire to raise downtrodden from their low circumstances
- Diderot
- Driving force behind assembling, editing, and publishing The Encyclopedia
- L. Ferlinghetti
- Wrote Constantly Risking Absurdity
- Khalil Gibran
- Wrote The Prophet (1923)
- Castiglione
- Wrote The Book of the Courtier
- Ahura Mazda
- Zoroastrian force of goodness and wisdom
- Miracle Plays
- Dramas, originally under church control, that were based on thye lives of the saints
- Emily Dickenson
- Poet—precise, meticulous choice of words—controlled rhyme and meter—delicate, small poems—most published after author's death
- Truth
- Ferlinghetti indicates that the poet MUST achieve:
- Deism
- Belief that God created the world but does little to influence its ongoing natural processes
- Morality Plays
- Dramas—originally under church control—didactic allegories in which characters had names of virtues, vices, or other qualities
- William Faulkner
- Wrote The Sound and the Fury
- Opera
- This artistic genre was created by Renaissance Italians when they attempted to re-create Greek drama
- Pliny
- Wrote a history into which he threw nearly everything he'd ever read—source of much misinformation
- Pindar
- Used his poems to decry the fall of aristocratic values and the rise of democratic values
- William S. Burroughs
- Wrote Junky and Naked Lunch
- thoreau
- Wrote books and articles on self-sufficiency and civil disobedience—influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
- Middle English
- The result of the years of mingling the language of the Normans and the language of the Anglo-Saxons
- Hobbes
- Viewed the fear of death and the quest for power as primary driving forces in human behavior/motivation
- Allen Ginsberg
- Wrote Howl
- Triplet/tercet
- Name for the 3-line stanzas that were the basic structural unit of The Divine Comedy
- realitivism
- Belief that good and bad are not universally true—that these qualities may differ from one society to another
- Montesquieu
- Wrote Spirit of the Laws—USA's founders influenced by his thinking and that of Locke
- Sophocles
- Introduced 3rd actor, closely aligned with those in power, conventional religious values, presented men as they should be
- Menander
- Great writer of new comedies; used stock characters; situational comedies concerned with ordinary happenings of contemporary life
- Terence
- All 6 of his plays (4 based on Menander originals) survive; refined language, subtle humor, complex story lines
- Plautus
- Wrote a lot, wrote fast—plays include puns, satire, parody, backchat, and slapstick humor
- Virgil
- Wrote The Aeneid—Rome's epic of the founding of the city
- John Steinbeck
- Wrote The Grapes of Wrath
- Transcendentalism
- Belief that matters of ultimate reality (God, the Cosmos, the self) go beyond human experience
- Gaius Lucilius
- Sour, cantankerous conservative who wrote and spoke against Hellenization of Rome
- Socrates
- He is said to have said, "The unexamined life is not worth living."
- Rousseau
- Said, "man is born free and everywhere he is in chains"
- Vernacular
- In the language of the people rather than in some scholarly language such as Latin
- Seneca
- Most important tragedy writer of the Empire—wrote for private reading/recitation—gory violence
- Aristotle
- Greek philosopher who linked morality with the golden mean
- Mary Shelley
- English novelist who wrote a "monster" story which raised questions about the potential negative impact of the rise of science
- Laura
- The woman idealized by Petrarch and celebrated in his sonnets
- The Physical Plant
- This interest of Roman audiences influenced changes in theatre building
- Commedia Erudia
- A "learned comedy" designed for small courtly audience in Italy—early efforts based on Plautus and Terence
- Euripedes
- Dramatist—often in trouble with political leaders, skeptical about myths, increased focus on tragic choice, presented men as they are
- Theatre
- That force in Medieval society around which much of the rest (art, architecture, literature, music) seemed to revolve
- Beauty
- Ferlinghetti indicates that the poet STRIVES to achieve:
- Descartes
- Said, "Cogito ergo sum"
- Beatrice
- The woman (representing faith) who guided Dante on the final leg of his 3-stop Holy Week journey through the afterlife
- Ahriman
- Zoroastrian force of evil
- Jack Kerouac
- Wrote On the Road
- Italian Tragedy
- Intended to "induce wonder, pity, and horror"—often lengthy, bloody, complicated (and boring to modern audiences)
- Hubris
- Exaggerated pride—holding oneself equal to the gods
- Traitors
- For what group were the lowest reaches of Hell reserved in Dante's great work?
- Commedia Dell'Arte
- mprovised comedy with stock characters often in half masks and exaggerated costumes—performed by traveling troupes
- Nathaniel Hawthorn
- Novelist and short story writer—works often set in Puritan New England—explored guilt and other dark aspects of humanity
- Sappho
- Poet called the 10th Muse by peers
- Middle Comedies
- These comedies reflect political changes in Athens after Peloponnesian War—most political commentary gone
- Cervantes
- Wrote Don Quixote
- Plutarch
- Wrote a series of biographies of important Greeks and Romans—parallel lives—pleasant anecdotal style
- Walt Whitman
- Poet—extravagant with words—wrote mostly free verse—seemed to celebrate everything—published some his own works
- Voltaire
- Said, "I may disagree with what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
- 14
- How many lines are required for a poem to be considered a sonnet?
- 5
- How many metrical feet are in a pentametric line?
- The Muses
- They helped inspire artists in nine categories of artistic endeavor
- iamb
- Poetic foot consisting of 2 syllables (the first unstressed, the second stressed)
- Mystery Plays
- Dramas, originally under church control, that were based on Bible stories
- Thespis
- Legendary founder of Greek drama—created first actor (speaker separate from chorus)
- The Illiad
- It is Achilles' story—the gods
- Sir Richard Burton
- Translated A thousand and One Nights into English (1850)
- The Fates
- These blind sisters controlled the destinies of mankind
- Herman Melville
- Novelist—works often set at sea—keenly interested in conflict between good and evil
- The Furies
- Born of bloodshed, they punished those who escaped public justice
- Ernest Hemingway
- Wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls