chapter 16 vocab

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Totalitarianism: Seeks to direct all parts of a state's culture (art, education, Religion, economy, politics) in the interests of the state. (Total regulation)
Cabal of Charles II: the council of 5 men appointed by Charles to serve as both his major advisers and as members of Parliament. It was the Forerunner of the Cabinet System, and it helped create good relations with the Parliament.
Louis XIV: Also known as "Louis the Great" and the "Sun King," as King of France and of Navarre. He ascended to the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister, Premier Ministre, the Italian Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. Louis remained on the throne till his death just before his seventy-seventh birthday in 1715. He reigned for seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, the longest documented for any European monarch to date.
Cabinet government: Leading ministers formulate the common policy and conduct of the authority and power of the business of the country
Sovereignty: All the power (instruments of justice and military) is invested in the monarch.
Poussin: Thought of as the finest example of French classicist painting. He spent 18 months in Rome because he found the atmosphere in Paris uncongenial. He believed that the highest aim of painting was to represent noble actions in a logical, orderly, but not a realistic way.
John Churchill: an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries. His rise to prominence began as a lowly page in the royal court of Stuart England, but his natural courage on the field of battle soon ensured quick promotion and recognition from his master and mentor James, Duke of York. When James became king in 1685, Churchill played a major role in crushing the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion; but just three years later, Churchill abandoned his Catholic king for the Protestant William of Orange.
Louis XIV of France: "Sun King", he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.
Constitutionalism: Constitutionalism is the limitation of government by law, implies a balance between the authority and the power of the government and the rights and liberties of the subjects.
Cardinal Richelieu: was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. Consecrated as a bishop in 1607, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Jules Cardinal Mazarin.
Fronde: Anyone who opposed the polices of the government. ("Slingshot" or "catapult", Civil wars from 1648-1653 caused by attempts to increase royal revenues.
Oliver Cromwell: leader of the "New Model Army" that defended the royalists came from the gentry class that dominated the House of Commons. His Protectorate became a military dictatorship. He allowed religious toleration for all except Catholics (and brutally destroyed the revolt in Ireland). He censored the press, closed the theaters, and regulated the economy according to mercantilist principles.
Racine: Jean Racine, Analyzed the power of love through his dramas of Greek and Roman legends, with a theme of conflict between good and evil. His works are thought to be the finest examples of French classicism because of the simplicity of language, symmetrical structures, and calm restraint.
James II of England: Violated the Test Act by giving government and university jobs to Catholics. He was expulsed for fear of a catholic monarchy.
Instrument of Government: The army controlled government
French classicism: -(characterized by the literature and art of the age of Louis XIV), the artists and writers of the late 17th century imitated the style and subjects of classical antiquity. Their work resembled work from Renaissance Italy. French art had Classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint. It was the official style in Louis XIV's court.
Intendants: royal civil servants in France under the ancien régime. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were generally chosen from among the maîtres des requêtes. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing, and justice.
Cardinal Richelieu: (Arman Jean de Plessis) Appointed to the council of ministers in 1624 by Marie de'Medici. He became president of the council and the first minister of the French crown in 1628. He used his strong influence of Louis XIII to exalt the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. He set "the cornerstone" of absolutism and his work served as the basis for France's cultural hegemony of Europe.
Peace of Utrecht: Series of treaties that ended the war of the Spanish succession, ended French expansionism in Europe and marked the rise of the British Empire.
Sully: Henry IV's minister who brought financial stability and economic growth.
Puritans: a group of people who were unhappy with the Church of England and wanted to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic Elements (elaborate vestments and ceremonies, bishops, wedding rings).
Mercantilism: Mercantilism is a collection of government policies for the regulation of economic activities, especially commercial activities, by and for the state. Resources were limited and the state intervened to secure the largest part if a limited resource.
Dutch Estates General: Federal assembly that handled matters of foreign affairs, such as war, but didn't have sovereign authority because every issue had to be referred back to the local estates for approval appointed the stadholder, representative in each province.
Richelieu's generalites: Richelieu established an administrative system which extended the use of the royal commissioners (intendents). France was divided into 32 districts, which held a commission to perform a specific task after 1634.
James I: King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots. Regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1581. On 24 March 1603, as James I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He then ruled England, Scotland and Ireland for 22 years, often using the title King of Great Britain, until his death at the age of 58.
English Bill of Rights: (1689) - the Bill of rights established the principle that law was made in parliament, that parliament had to meet at least every three years, that elections were to be free of crown interference, and the judiciary was to be independent of the crown. The cabinet system had both legislative and executive power held by the leading ministers, who form the government.
Sully: French minister, staunch Huguenot and faithful right-hand man who assisted Henry IV of France in the rule of France
Moliere: Stage name of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. He was a playwright, manager, director, and actor. He produced Comedies that showed the bad things of society. His plays followed classical models, but were based on social observation.
Thomas Hobbes: an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
The French Academy: Supported by Richelieu, Created a dictionary to standardize the French language.
Absolutism: Absolutism is when all the power is given to the monarch, but the monarch has to follow all the fundamental laws of the land. The sovereignty resided in the kings who considered themselves to be responsible for god alone.
Paulette: an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices.
Phillip II: King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as duke or count; and King of Portugal and the Algarves as Philip I from 1580. He also ruled a vast empire in the Americas, including New Spain and Peru.
Versailles: became a fixed institution used to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism. The court of Versailles was a device to undermine the power of the aristocracy by separating power from status. A centralized state administered by a professional class taken from the bourgeoisie was formed.
Republicanism: Non-Monarchial government, traditionally a state governed by representatives elected on a broad basis of suffrage who serve the interests of all the people where election depends on the huge infusion of cash from private and corporate donors.

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