acadeca music 0506
Terms
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- a cappella
- a manner of choral performance wherein the voices sing w/o instrumental accompaniment
- anthem
- a genre of English service music based on English texts
- full anthem
- written in contrapuntal stlye, performed a cappella
- verse anthem
- accompanied, included choir & vocal soloists
- bar form
- a form found in many German Lieder characterized by twwo verses (stollen) followed by a closing refrain (abgesang); diagrammed as AAB
-
Jacob Burckhardt
(1818-1897)_ - one of the earliest historians to use the term "Renaissance" in reference to a historical period
- canonic mass
- type of polyphionic masss structured according to a predetermined "cannon" (rule); cannon can be anything composer wishes
- Cantus Firmus Mass
- type of polyphonic Mass wherein one voice is based ona preexisting tune; many 15th c cantus firmus masses used sacred&secular tunes until Council of Trent
- Chanson
- Fr for "song"; often based on one of the 14 c formes fixes )fixed forms, e.g., ballade, rondeau, and virelai), the chanson originated in france, but popular all over europe
- chorale
- principal voval genre of the Protestant Reformation; written in a simple monoponic style for the prupose of congregational singing, and often based on a preexisting tune; variations include polyphonic chorales and chorale motets
- chromaticism
- practice of using pitches outside the modal scale inwhich a work is written, often for added tone color or effect
- conjunct motion
- melodic motion characterized by stepwise movememt as opposed to leaps
- consonance
- a sonority that is considered harmonically stable and pleasing to the ear; suitable as a departure or arrival w/in a work
- Contenance Angloise
- means "the English guise" refers to the use of 3rds & 6ths as consonant intervals as found in English works (ex, John Dunstable)
- Council of Trent
- series of meetings held by the bishops of the Catholic Church on and off from 1545-1563 in Trento, Italy; passed a series of reforms aimed at correcting the liturgy &refining doctrine
- disjunct motion
- melodic motion characterized by leaps as opposed to steps
- dissonance
- a sonority that is considered harmonically unstable and displeasing to the ear; unsuitable as a point of departure or arrival w/in a work
- fantasia
- 16th c instrumental genre characterized by a free0form approach where in the composer explores the extremes to which a musical idea can be taken
- feudal system
- the hierarchical division of power in medieval andRenaissance Europe; king presides over series of lesser nobility
- frottola
- Italian polyphonic secular song written in a chordal, homorhythmic style featuring dance-like rhythms
- genre
- particular kind of musical composition characterized by a distinct style, form, or type of content; usualy includes performing medium and often place of performance
- homorhythmic
- texture in which the melody and the supporting parts perform similar rhythms
- Hundred Years' War
- occurred on and off b/w England & France from 1336-1453, during which time the English occupied a significant portion of France
- Lied (pl. Lieder)
- Gr for "song"; in the Renaissance it referred to either a polyphonic or monophonic composition based on German poetry
- Lute Song
- vocal work accompanied by the lute; often has teh main melody in the uppermost voice
-
Martin Luther
)1483-1546) - atholic priest who disputed the Church's selling of indulgences via "95 Theses" Protestant Reformation
- Madrigal
- Italian secular vocal composition characterized by elaborate polyphhonic csettings and esxpressive poetry of a high literary caliber; popular in england during the late 16 c
- Maestro di cappella
- Italian for "chapel master"; refers to one of the highest musical positions one could have; the maestro di cappella was in charge of all music activities in a church, including training the choirk, supplying music for services and composing new music when needed
- mannerism
- in reference to painting; describes a style wherein the proportions of figures are distorted &exaggerated; in mlusic, deliberae distortion of accentuation of a musical element for effect
- mass
- aka Missa solemnis (solemn mass) principal worship service of the Roman Catholic Church; celebration of the Last Supper
- mass ordinary
- texts of the mass that don't change during the liturgical year; Kyria, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est
- Mass proper
- texts of mass that do change; Introit, Collects, epistle, gradual, alleluia, tract, sequence, gospel, offertory, secret, preface, canon, communion, and postcommunion
- melisma
- type of text setting wherein one syllable is sung on a series of several pitches
- accidental
- a sharp, flat, or natural symbol before a note; indicaties a pitch from outside the specified scale
- adagio
- slow tempo
- aerophone
- instrument that creates sound by the vibration of a column of air
- allegro
- fast tempo
- alto
- female voice w/range lower that soprano, or high mle voice
- andante
- moderate, walking tempo
- ballet
- musical form written to coincide w/story to be danced
- bass
- male voice w/lowest range
- bass clef
- symbol that indicates that the 4th line from the bottom of a staff represents the pitch of F below middle C; aka F clef
- beat
- underlying pulse in music
- binary form
- form of a piece that has 2 sections AB
- Bridge
-
1) linking passage in piece of music
2)part of a string instrument over which the strings pass - cadence
- progression of notes or chords that gives teh efect of closing a passage of music
- chord
- combo of 3+ pitches played at once
- chordophone
- instrument that produces sound via the vibration of a stretched string that is bowed,plucked, or struck
- chromatic scale
- scale based on an octave of twelve semitones as opposed to a diatonic scale
- clef
- a symbol that designates teh pitch range to be diplayed on the staff
- coda
- a passage at the end of a movement or composition that brings it to a fromal close
- concerto
- originally referred ot a work that featured effects of contrast, but now refers to a work in which a solo instrument is contrasted w/larger ensemble of orchestra
- continuo
- gradually increasing in loudness
- decrescendo
- gradually decreasing in lnoudness
- diatonic scale
- scale using only the eight tones of a standard major or minor scale w/o chromatic deviations
- dominant
- 5th step or degree of a scale
- downbeat
- accented beat at the beginnign of a measure
- dynamics
- gradations of loudness in music
- electrophone
- instrument that produces sound by electronic means
- equal tempermant tuning
- system on tuning based on a scale whose "steps" or degrees have logarithically equal intervals b/w them in contrast to the differently spaced degrees of "just intonation tuning"
- form
- structure or organization of a piece of music
- forte
- loud
- fortissimo
- very loud
- frequency
- refers to # of vibrations /sec that creates a sound; frequency of sound determines pitch
- fugue
- type of composition or technique in which a melodic theme is subjected to melodic imitation
- galliard
- lively court dance in triple meter that was popular in the 16th & early 17th c which was often paired with the pavane
- gregoring chant
- plainsong
- harmonics
- sounds heard together when a sound is produced by a vibrating string or air column, through its vibrations in parts; the tones in the harmonic series of overtones produced by a fundamnetal tone
- harmony
- combination of more than one musical pitch at a time and the subsepuent reltionship b/w intervals and chords
- hertz
- unit of measure of frequency; # of cycles /sec
- heterophony
- texture in which several diff versions of the same melody are played simultaneously
- homophony
- a texture w/one melody and varied supporting accompaniment; a texture in which the parts generally move together
- idiophone
- an instrument that produces sound by bein struch, plucked, rubbed, or bowed
- intervaly
- distance b/w two pitches
- key
- the tonality and major or minor scale of a piece of music; key is labled according to the note to which the piece gravitates
- key signature
- group of flats or sharps placed on the staff at the beginnign of a piece that indicaties the tonality of the scale used
- largo
- very slow
- leading tone
- 7th degree of a scale; semitone below the tonic, gies music a sense of leading back to the tonic
- leitmotif
- a recognizable theme or musical idea that represents a character or concept in a dramatic work
- libretto
- text of an opera or oratorio
- major scale
- scale in which the distance from the 1st to the 3rd notes is 4 semitones
- measure
- a metrical division of music, marked by vertical lines through the staff called bar lines
- melody
- sequence of musical pitches w/recognizable shape/tune
- membranophone
- instrument that produces sound when it's stretched membrane is struck/rubbed
- meter
- grouping of beats to a regular pulse
- mezzo forte
- medium loud
- mezzo piano
- medium quiet/soft
- mezzo-soprano
- female voice w/a range midway b/w soprano & alto
- minor scale
- a scale in which the distance b/w the 1st & 3rd notes is three semitones
- monophony
- texture w/only one melody & no supporting accompaniment
- motet
- polyphonic choral work that was one of the most important musical forms from the 13th to 18th c and was commonly used in the Roman Catholic Church
- octave
- interval b/w two notes of the same name, 12 semitones apart
- opera
- sung drama that is set to music w/costumes, scenery, and usually has a secular theme
- opus
- the latin word for "work" that is used w/a # to sequence & ID the work of the composer
- oratorio
- sung drama performed chorally w/no costuming or scenery & has a relig theme
- organum
- type of medieval polyphony w/1+ voices added to a plainsong
- pavane
- slow court dance in duple meter popular in teh 16th & early 17th c, paired w/gilliard
- pianissimo
- very quiet or soft
- piano
- quiet/soft
- pitch
- highness/lowness of a sound
- plainsong
- liturgical chants to Lat text use since the Middle ages; also called Gregorian chants
- polymeter
- simultaneous use of 1+ meter
- polyphony
- texture in which 2+ melodic lines are combined
- polyrhythm
- use of simultaneous contrasting rhythms
- presto
- very fast
- program music
- instrumental music that is narrative or descriptive of a nonmusical idea
- reed
-
1) flexible strip of cane or metal set in tot he mouthpiece or air opening of certain instruments that produces a tone by vibration in response to a stream of air
2) instrument, (oboe/clarinet )fitted w/reed - resonance
- amplification or prolongation af a muscal tone produced by sympathetic vibrations
- rest
- in musical notation, one of several symbols corresponding ot a given # of beats that indicaties a period of silence
- rhythm
- organization of sounds and silences through time
- ritornello
- recurring section in a piece of music
- rounded binary
- an extention of the binary form wherein the 1st section is repeated at the end
- rondo
- form w/a repeating A section, which alternates w/2+ contrasting sections
- scale
- set of conjunct pitches w/in an octave used for musical composition
- score
- written form of a musical composition for several performers
- sonata
- piece in several movements for a small ensemble, soloist w/accompaniment or solo keyboard
- staff
- set of five horizontal lines on and b/w which music is notated
- strophic
- refers to songs in which each stanza or verse is played/sung to the same music
- symphonic poem
- orchestral piece based on a nonmusial (literary, narrative, pictorial, etc.) idea
- symphony
- an extended orchestral work, usually in several movements
- syncopation
- the stressing of beats that are normally unstressed
- tempo
- the speed of a musical piece
- ternary form
- a form comprised of three sections w/the 3rd being a repetition of the 1st ABA
- texture
- the manner in which linear musical parts are blended
- theme and variation
- a musical form in which one melodic idea is repeated w/variations that may be rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, or any combination thereof
- through-composed
- a musical form in which each stanza or verse is set to diff music so that there is no repeating section
- timbre
- characteristic of instrumental and vocal sounds that make them distinguishable to the ear; tone color
- time signature
- the figures on the staff at the beginnign of a piece that indicate its meter
- tonality
- the feeling of pull toward a particular tone, which is determined by the key of the music
- tonic
- the main note of a major or minor key
- treble clef
- a symbol that indicated that the second line from the bottom of a staff represents the pitch of G above middle C; aka a G clef
- triad
- a basic chord combining a beginnign note and the 3rd & 5th note above it
- 12 bar rules
- a form of African-American pop music
- verse-chorus
- a 2 part form w/text changing in the verse section & repeated text in the chorus section
- vivace
- quick, lively tempo
- word-painting
- a technique whereby the writtten text of a song is illustrated musically