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Semester Exam Review

Mr. Hartley's Semester Exam Review

Terms

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19th Amendment
Women's right to vote
Conservation of natural resources
tried to preserve as many as possible so future generations could have some
Chester Arthur
Pedleton Act, Chinese exclusion act
William "Boss" Tweed
Most famous political boss - HQed in NYC
16th Amendment
This Amendment overruled Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which greatly limited the Congress's authority to levy an income tax
Populist Party platform
Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers
Social Darwinism
Belied in "survival of the fittest"
Timber Culture Act
The act allowed homesteaders to get another 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land if they planted trees on one-fourth of the land,
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Created the territories of Nebraska and Kansas, opened new lands, reppealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed settlers withing thier land to decide wheter or not those territories would be slave state.
John D. Rockefeller
American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
Knights of Labor
1869 - established in Philidalphia - suppose to be a secrete faternal order - first union to allow all laborers
Marshall Plan
was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. The initiative was named for Secretary of State George Marshall and was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan.
Compromise of 1850
Accepted California as a free state and Texas would recieve financial compensation for the lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico. These territories were organized with prohibition of slavery, but slave trade was terminated in the Distric of Columbia. Slave Fugitive laws were passed.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations
Freedmen's Bureau
1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
Manhattan Project
was the project to develop the first nuclear weapon (atomic bomb) during World War II by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1939-1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves. The scientific research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Truman Doctrine
is a proclamation by Harry S. Truman, President of the United States on March 12, 1947. It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey economically and militarily to prevent their falling under Soviet control. Truman called upon the U.S. to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures, The Doctrine was important for outlining the foreign policy of the United States during the Cold War and beyond - the economical, political, military and covert support, under the pretext of "democracy and freedom"
Muckrakers
1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business
Homestead Act, 1862
provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies
US vs EC Knight
(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Modernism
an array of cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The term covers a series of reforming movements in art, architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged during this period. At its most basic level, Modernism could be described as the experimentation and fragmentation of the human experience, characterized by deviations from the norms of society.
Causes of WWI
Death of Archduke Ferdinand; Russia joined Serbia; Austrian-Hungery invasions, Allies Powers; Central Powers; Secret Alliences; Colonialism; Militarism; Trade inbalances
Emergency Banking Act
was an act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It was passed on March 9, 1933. The act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.
Federal Reserve Act
the act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
Pullman Car Company Strike
1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery
Spanish-American War
1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism
Ben Harrison
High tariffs, McKinley Tariff, Sherman Antitrust Act, Sherman Purchase Silver Act, Homestead Steel strike,
Insular cases
Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.
17th Amendment
The states completed ratification on April 8, 1913. The amendment supersedes Article I, § 3 of the Constitution and so replaced each state's Senators being "chosen" by each state's legislature with them being "elected" by the people of each state. It also provided a new contingency provision which enabled a state's governor, if so authorized by that state's legislature, to appoint a Senator in the event of a Senate vacancy, until an election is held to fill the vacancy.
Dawes Severalty Act, 1887
An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.
John C. Calhoun's Resolution
States could nullify federal laws withing their borders.
American Federation of Labor
The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886
Great Depression Causes
Depression in Europe; Maldistribution of wealth; Federal Reserve Board tightened credit; New Technology; Overproduction
Roosevelt Corollary
substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. The alternative was intervention by European powers, especially Britain and Germany, which loaned money to the countries that did not repay. The catalyst of the new policy was Germany's aggressiveness in the Venezuela affair of 1902-03
18th Amendment
Prohibition- No Alcohol
Andrew Carnegie
Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL
Grover Cleveland(second term)
Depression of 1893, Laissez Faire economics, supported gold standard, Populist party origins, Pullman Car Company Strike, Coxey's army
Wilmot Proviso
Was proposed so the new territory acquired from Mexico, would be free of slavery. This proviso did not pass, but is considered a contribution to the tension between the North and the South that would later lead to the Civil War.
Newlands Act
requires surplus fees from sales of land be set aside for a "reclamation fund" for the development of water resources. Also requires the Treasury Department to fund education from unappropriated monies under certain conditions.
Francis Perkins
was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency
James Garfield
Assasinated, replaced by Chester Arthur
Sherman Anti-trust Act
First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.
Clayton Act
was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies and cartels). The Clayton act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, exemptions, and remedial measures.
Containment
Containment is a policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain any further Soviet communist expansion and to enhance America's security and influence abroad during the Cold War. The policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in eastern Europe and elsewhere. It represents a middle ground position between appeasement and rollback. It was championed by Cold War liberals such as U.S. presidents Harry S Truman (1945-53) and Lyndon Johnson (1963-69). For nuclear weapons policy, the corresponding doctrine is called Mutual Assured Destruction
Rutherford B Hayes
Compromise of 1877, Veterans Benefit Bill, Haymarket square riot, vetoed many bills
Granger Laws
Connect to farmer; allow state to fix freigh rates
Margaret Sanger
was an American birth control activist, an advocate of negative eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). Initially met with fierce opposition to her ideas, Sanger gradually won some support, both in the public as well as in the courts, for a woman's choice to decide how and when, if ever, she will bear children. In her drive to open the way to universal access to birth control, Sanger was a controversial figure. However, her advocacy for eugenics has tarnished her reputation. A residential building is named after her on the Stony Brook University campus.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Grover Cleveland (first term)
First Decocrat since Buchanan, erosion of laissez faire, Interstate commerce act, improved civil service, Daws Severalty Act
Lincoln's election, 1860
Set the stage for the Civil War, South threatened to secede if Lincoln was to be elected as the next president.
Meat Inspection Act
was a United States federal law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condem any meat product found unfit for human consumption. Unlike previous laws ordering meat inspections which were enforced to assure European nations from banning pork trade, this law was strongly motivated to protect the American diet.
Ida Tarbell
was an American teacher, author and journalist. She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of her day, work known in modern times in the progressive era as "investigative journalism." She wrote many notable magazine series and biographies. She is best-known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company
Lost Generation
Writters during the 1920's such as Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lewis, Mecken, Pound, and Eliot
Ulysses S. Grant
1868-1976 Congressional Recontruction, "Waving the bloody shirt" Indian Trading Posts, Patrionage, Force Acts, Depression of 1873, Civil Service Commision (reduce patrionage use)
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic in American history. In political science the 1896 campaign is often considered to be a realigning election. McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented; he was strongest in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast states. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states. Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.
Dred Scott Case
Case stated slaves were property and not citizens. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
Upton Sinclair
author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906 - wrote The Jungle
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
U.S. guarantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and 9, 1945. After six months of intense fire-bombing of 67 other Japanese cities, the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed on August 9 by the detonation of the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb over Nagasaki. These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.
Harlem Renaissance
the movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States. Across the cultural spectrum (literature, drama, music, visual art, dance) and also in the realm of social thought (sociology, historiography, philosophy), artists and intellectuals found new ways to explore the historical experiences of black America and the contemporary experiences of black life in the urban North. Challenging white paternalism and racism, African-American artists and intellectuals rejected merely imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans and instead celebrated black dignity and creativity. Asserting their freedom to express themselves on their own terms as artists and intellectuals, they explored their identities as black Americans, celebrating the black culture that had emerged out of slavery and their cultural ties to Africa.
Monroe Doctrine
an American Doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, stated that European powers were no longer allowed to colonize in the Americas, or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent states of the Americas. The United States would not interfere with existing colonies or their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere.

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