all first semester terms
Terms
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- william shakespeare
- the greatest play writer of all times
- renaissance
- a brilliant cultural movement in the 1300s that started in italy and then spread into the rest of europe and caused an explosion of creativity in art, writting, and thought
- thomas jefferson
- a political leader who wrote the declaration of independence
- émigrés
- nobles and others who had fled france. hoped to undo the revolution and restore the ld regime
- english civil war
- a war fought between the royalists or cavaliers and the puritans. the charles supporters and non
- restoration
- the reign of charles II when he restored the monarchy
- spanish colonial social classes
- peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, indians
- cabinet
- a group of government ministers, or officials
- estates
- large groups of social classes people were divided into under the old regime
- congress of vienna
- a series of meetings to set up policies to achieve this goal of collective security and stability for the entire continent
- continental system
- the blockade napoleon set up to prevent all trade and communication between great britain and other european nations
- democracy
- rule of the people
- peace of augsburg
- a famous religious settlement where the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state
- salons
- large social gatherings where people talked about enlightenment ideas
- tennis court oath
- the pledge 3rd estate delegates took to stay in the tennis court until they had drawn up a new constitution
- senate
- a branch of the legislative branch made up of patricians
- christianity
- the name of the religion founded by jesus
- national assembly
- an assembly formed from the the 3rd estate delegates from the estates-general that passed laws and reformed in the name of the french people
- cabinet
- a group of governmental ministers or officials
- klemens von metternich
- by far the most influential representative at the congress of vienna and was the foreign minister og austria
- lycées
- government-run public schools
- louis XVI
- france extravogent spending, indecisive monarch during the 1770s and 1780s
- secular
- wordly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now
- blockade
- a forcible closing of ports
- checks and balances
- a built-in system that let each branch check the actions of the other 2
- heliocentric theory
- copernicus' theory that planets orbited the sun
- glorious revolution
- the bloodless overthrow of king james II
- waterloo
- napoleons last bid for power
- cardinal rishelieu
- the strong minister who made up for all of louis XIII (henry IV's son) weaknesses
- scientific revolution
- when scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, change in european thought
- ten commandments
- the jewish written code of laws
- coup d' état
- a sudden seizure of power
- voltaire
- françois marie arouets pen name. he published more than 70 book of political essays, philosophy, and drama
- habeas corpus
- laws that gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a udge to specify the charges against him
- aristocracy
- a government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families
- perspective
- a technique that shows 2 dimensions on a flat surface
- reign of terror
- the period of robespierres rule`
- oliver cromwell
- a puritan general who began defeating the cavaliers turning the tide toward the puritans
- estates-general
- an assembly of representatives from all three estates. louis XVi called the ,eeting that had not been held in 175 years
- patrons
- people who financially supported artists
- glorious revolution
- the bloodless overthrow of king james II
- marie antoinette
- louis XVII wife who went on extravogent spending sprees and made many governmental decisions that her husband couldn't
- great fear
- a wave of senseless fear
- social contract
- an agreement citizens had with the government
- montesquieu
- an influentisl writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberty
- peninsular war
- a war between the spanish and french on the iberian peninsula where napoleon lost about 300 men. this increased spains nationalism
- constitutional monarchy
- laws limited the rulers power in the government
- simón bolívar
- a wealthy venezuelan creole general who declared venezuela its independence from spain
- enlightenment
- a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems
- mary wollstonecraft
- a very persuasive woman who published an essay called aa vindication of the rigts of woman in 1792
- scientific method
- a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
- constitutional monarch
- where laws limit a rulers power
- humanism
- an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
- edict of nantes
- king henry II declared that the huguenots could live in peace in france and set up their own houses of worship on some cities
- war of the spanish succession
- the long struggle that followed the countries joining together in union
- geocentric theory
- the belief that the earth is the center of the universe
- concert of europe
- a series of alliances that ensured nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out
- battle of trafalgar
- the one major battle napoleon last. it was a very important naval battle against britain
- josé de san martín
- an argentinan who left his army for bolívar to command and defeat peru for freedom
- old regime
- the old ways of the european government
- scorched earth policy
- this is involved burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock soas to leave noting for an enemy to eat
- sans-culottes
- parisian workers (lowerclass) and small shopkeepers who wanted the revolution to bring greater changes to france and wore regular trousers
- islam
- a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet muhammam
- luthers
- the followers of luther and his separate religious group
- maximilien robespierre
- a jacobin leader who slowly gained power. his supporters set out to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of frances past
- isaac newton
- great english scientist helped to bring together their break throughs under a single theory of motion
- protestant
- christians who belonged to non-catholic churches
- charles I
- james I's son who took the english thrown
- rousseau
- a passionately, commited to individual freedom, philosophe
- napoleon bonaparte
- a very powerful leader who seized power and brought many good things on french as well as many many bad
- miguel hidalgo
- a priest in the small village of dolores who took the first step towards mexico's independence
- vernacular
- the native language of a person
- catherine the great
- she ruled russia from 1762-1796. she was a well educated empress who read works of philosophes and exchanged letters with voltaire
- creoles
- spaniards born in latin america who could not hold high level political office but they could rise as officers in spanish colonial armies
- declaration of independence
- a document written by thomas jefferson based on the enlightenment idea of john locke that justified the colonistsrebellion
- galileo galilei
- italian scientist, built on new astronomy theories
- legislative assembly
- a bosy formed from the new constitution that was part if the legislative body and had the power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war
- hundred days war
- the end of napoleon's last bid for power ending with the exalation of napoleon to st. helena by the british
- utopia
- an ideal place with no greed, corruption, or war
- annul
- set aside or overlook
- monarchy
- a single person called a king or monarch rules the government
- peninsulares
- the group of people at the top of the spanish american society who had been born in spain, the iberian peninsula
- anglican
- the church of england with elizabeth as its head
- indulgence
- a pardon that a priest imposed from sin
- mestizos
- persons of mixed european and indian ancestry
- jean baptiste colbert
- the minister of finance who greatly assisted louis XIV
- johann gutenburg
- german craftsman that perfected the printing press
- skepticism
- the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
- government
- a system for controlling a society
- mulattos
- persons of mixed european and african ancestry and enslaved africans
- holy alliance
- a signed agreement between czar alexander I, emperor francis I of austria, and king frederick william III of prussia that said they pledged to base their relations with other nations on christain preinciples in rder to combat the forces of revolution
- balance of power
- a goal of metternich so that no country would be a threat to others
- judaism
- the monotheistic religion of the hebrews
- philosophe
- the social critics of the period in france
- napoleonic code
- this gave the counrty a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices, but it limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights
- jacobins
- a radical political orginization jean-paul marat edited a news paper called "friend of the people" he called for the death of all those who continued to support the king
- intandants
- people who collected taxes and administered justice
- direct democracy
- a form of government in which citizens rule and make laws directly rather than through representatives
- louis XIV
- most powerful ruler in french history. in his view, he and the state were one and the same
- concordat
- an agreement with pope pius VII that established a new relationship between the church and state
- plebiscite
- a vote of the people
- bill of rights
- 10 amendments added to the constitution that protected basic rights
- reformation
- a religious reform movement that began in the 16th century
- guillotine
- a 14ft tall beheading machine used t slaughter masses in the french revolution
- oligarchy
- a government ruled by a few powerful people
- josé maría morelos
- the leader that took over for hidalgo and led the revolution for 4 years until agustín de iturbide defeated him
- roman catholic church
- developed from roman christianity and became the most powerful institution in europe
- guerrillas
- spanish peasant fighters in the peninsular war
- restoration
- the period of charles II rule that he restored that monarchy
- republic
- a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions
- baroque
- a grand, ornate design in art
- enlightenment despots
- monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit
- federal system
- power divided between nation and state
- john locke
- a philosopher who believed that people could learn fro experience and improve themselves
- legitimacy
- the principle agreeing that as many possible of the rulers whom napoleon had drivin from their thrones be restored to power
- neo classical
- a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical greece and rome