Final Exam Biology
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- What is the Cell Theory?
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-All living things are composed of one or more cells
-Cells are the basic unit of life
-Cells are only produced from existing cells - What are the basic cell structures?
- Cellmembrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, chloroplast, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuole, chromosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic retiiculum, lysosomes, Golgi complex
- Functions of cell membrane?
- thin membrane that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
- Functions of cytoplasm?
- jelly like material inside cell
- What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
- Organic contains carbon, inorganic does not.
- Funtion of nucleus?
- organelle that contains DNA (stores genetic information)-- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of nuclear membrane?
- thin membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus -- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of chloroplast?
- organeele that makes food from CO2 and H2O using light energy; process called photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll -- green plant and green protists
- Funtion of cell wall?
- "boX" around some cells; provides support -- plants, green protists, fungi, and bacteria
- Funtion of mitochondria?
- powerhouse of cell; site of cell respiration -- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of vacuole?
- stores water, dissolved materials, and wastes; is very large in plant cells -- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of chromosomes?
- long strands of DNA tha tstore genetic information; instructions for how to make proteins -- all cells
- Funtion of ribosomes?
- small organeels that make proteins -- all cells
- Funtion of endoplasmic reticulum?
- network of channels that transports molecules; may have ribosomes on outside -- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of lysosomes?
- stores digestive enzymes; digests wastes -- all cells except bacteria
- Funtion of Golgi complex?
- stores, changes, and releases molecules -- all cells except bacteria
- What are the main chemical elements of living organisms?
- Carbon, Hydorgen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
- What are the 3 chemical bonds?
- Coalent (2 atoms share electrons), Ionic (atoms complete outer edge by stealing or giving away electrons), Hydrogen (forms when molecules are linked together)
- What are the subunits of macromoleclues?
- Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, protein
- What is diffusion? Which way will solutes flow in solution and across membranes?
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Diffusion: net movenment of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
-equilibrium: balance
-passive transport: diffusion across a membrane
-facilitated diffusion: transport proteins provide pathway for certain molecules - What is Osmosis? Which way will solutes flow in solution and across membranes?
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Osmosis: passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
-hypertonic: higher concentration of a solute
-hypotonic: lower concentration
-isotonic: equal - What is an enzyme? What is its role?
- specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell
- What are the reactants and products of Cellular Respiration?
- C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O2 (Oxygen)-> -> CO2 (Carbon dioxide)+ H2O (Water) + about 38 ATP
- What are the reactants and products of Photosynthesis?
- CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + H2O (Water)-> -> C6H12O6 (Glucose) + O2 (Oxygen)
- What are the stages of Mitosis?
- Interphase -> Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase and Cytokinesis
- What are the products of mitosis and meiosis?
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Mitosis - two identical daughter cells (2 diploid cells)
Meiosis - 4 haploid cells - What were Mendel's experiments?
- Mendel experimented in plan breeding -- cross-fertilization.
- What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
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Dominant: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous that appears to be the only on affecting a trait
Recessive: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does that appear to affect a trait - What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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Phenotype: observable traits of an organism
Genotype: gentic makeup of an organis; an organis's combination of alleles