USMLE 1 Neoplasia

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Definition: when the resemblance to the tissue of origin is close: Well-differentiated
(4) signs of Malignant Cancer: Hyperchromatism;

Anaplasia (poor differentiation);

Inc Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio;

prominent Nucleoli
the (3) types of CA from Epithelial origin: Epithelial = "Carcinoma"

Squamous Cell CA;

Adenocarcinoma;

Transitional Cell CA
Definition: reversible pre-neoplastic growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape and size in comparison to normal tissue: Dysplasia
Definition: a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive: Neoplasia
Order of the "-plasias" in severity (5): normal cells -> Hyperplasia ->
Metaplasia or Dysplasia ->
Anaplasia -> Neoplasia (Carcinoma in situ) ->
Metastasis
what cancer type is often associated w/ Desmoplasia (proliferation of fibrous tissue)? name (3) main sites: Adenocarcinoma

sites:
Breast;
Pancreas;
Prostate
Definition: Neoplasm derived from all (3) germ layers where is it usually seen?: Teratoma

MC in ovaries and testis
Definition: benign neoplasm often arising from surface or transitional epithelium what does it look like?: Papilloma

(finger-like projections)
Difference b/t Choristoma and Hamartoma: Chroistoma:
normal tissus misplaced w/i another organ

Hamartoma:
benign, tumor-like overgrowth of cells regularly found w/i the infected organ
Definition: denotes origin from a single precursor cell what is opposite?: Monoclonal
(neoplastic)

opposite:
Polyclonal
(non-neoplastic)
what type of metastatic tumors are via Lymphatic spread? spread in blood?: Carcinoma = Lymphatic

Sarcoma = Blood
Pituitary tumor Dx: amenorrhea, infertility: Prolactinoma

(sometimes galactorrhea)
Pituitary tumor Dx: gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults: Somatotropic (Acidophilic) adenoma
Pituitary tumor Dx: causes Cushings disease (secondary adrenal hypercorticism): Corticotropic (Basophilic) adenoma
Paraneoplastic effect: Inc ACTH -> Cushing's syndrome: Small cell CA of lung
Paraneoplastic effect: Inc ADH -> SIADH (2): Small cell CA of lung;

intracranial neoplasms
Paraneoplastic effect: PTH-related peptide -> Hypercalcemia (5)*: Some Really Breaks My Bones:

Squamous cell CA of lung;

Renal cell CA;

Breast CA;

Multiple Myeloma;

Bone metastasis
Paraneoplastic effect: TSH -> Hyperthyroidism (2): Hydatiform moles;

Choriocarcinoma
Paraneoplastic effect: EPO -> Polycythemia (2): Renal cell CA;

Hemangioblastoma
Paraneoplastic effect: Hyperuricemia -> Gout (2): Leukemias

Lymphomas
Order of primary tumors that metastasize to: Brain (5)*: Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia:

Lung;
Breast;
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney;
GI
Order of primary tumors that metastasize to: Liver (5)*: Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver:

Colon;
Stomach;
Pancreas;
Breast;
Lung

(from bottom -> up)
Order of primary tumors that metastasize to: Bone (5)*: Bone Problems Likely to Kill:

Breast;
Prostate;
Lung;
Thyroid / Testis;
Kidney
Tumor marker seen in 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers: CEA
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Vinyl Chloride: Angiosarcoma of Liver
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Cigarette smoke (2): CA of Lung

CA of Larynx
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Alkylating agents: Acute Leukemia
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Asbestos (3): Mesothelioma;

Lung bronchogenic CA;

GI cancers
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Smoked fish w/ Nitrosamines (2): Adenocarcinoma of stomach;

Esophageal CA
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Alcohol (2): Mouth CA;

Esophageal CA
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Arsenic: Squamous cell CA
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: High-fat diet: Breast CA
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Naphthalene (Aniline) dyes, aromatic amines: Transitional CA of bladder
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Benzene: Acute Leukemia
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Clear cell CA of vagina
Malignancy w/ Chemical Carcinogen: Nickel, Chromium, Uranium: Lung CA
Dx: atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia, low iron what CA does it lead to?: Plummer-Vinson syndrome

CA:
Squamous cell CA of Esophagus
Dx: facial angiofibromas, seizures, mental retardation what CA does it lead to? (2): Tuberous Sclerosis

CA:
Astrocytoma;
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
what is a common skin presentation seen in malignancies of the stomach, lung, breast and uterus?: Acanthosis Nigracans
Oncogene assoc tumor: abl: CML
Oncogene assoc tumor: c-myc: Burkitt's lymphoma
Oncogene assoc tumor: bcl-2: Follicular lymphoma
Oncogene assoc tumor: erb-B2 (3)*: BOG:

Breast;

Ovarian;

Gastric CA
Oncogene assoc tumor: ras: Colon CA
Oncogene assoc tumor: L-myc: Lung CA

[L = Lung]
Oncogene assoc tumor: N-myc: Neuroblastoma

[N = Neuro]
Oncogene assoc tumor: ret (2): MEN types 2 & 3
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: Rb (2) Chromosome?: Retinoblastoma;

Osteosarcoma

chrom: 13q
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: BRCA1 and 2 (2) Chromosome?: Breast CA

Ovarian CA

chrom: 17q, 13q
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: p53 Chromosome?: Most cancers
(Li-Fraumeni syndrome)

chrom: 17p
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: p16 Chromosome?: Melanoma

chrom: 9p
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: APC Chromosome?: Colorectal CA

chrom: 5q
(5 letters in "polyp")
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: WT1 Chromosome?: Wilms Tumor

chrom: 11q
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: NF1 Chromosome?: Neurofibromatosis type 1
(Von Recklinghausen)

chrom: 17q
(17 letters in Von Recklinghausen)
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: NF2 Chromosome?: Neurofibromatosis type 2

chrom: 22q
(type 2 = 22)
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: DPC Chromosome?: Pancreatic CA = PC

chrom: 18q
Tumor assoc w/ Supressor gene: DCC Chromosome?: Colon CA = CC

chrom: 18q
Tumor marker: alpha-fetoprotein (2): Hepatocellular CA;

Germ cell tumor of testis
(yolk sac tumors)
Tumor marker: beta-hCG (3): HCG:

Hydatidiform moles;

Choriocarcinoma;

Gestational Trophoblastic tumor
Tumor marker: CA-125 (2): Ovarian CA;

malignant Epithelial tumors
Tumor marker: S-100 (3)*: MAN:

Melanoma;

Astrocytoma;

Neural tumors
Tumor marker: Alkaline phosphatase (3)*: MOP:

Metastasis to Bone;

Obstructive Biliary Dz;

Paget's Dz of bone
Tumor marker: Bombesin (3): Neuroblastoma;

Lung CA;

Gastric CA
(4)* tumors w/ Psammoma Bodies: PSaMMoma:

Papillary Thyroid

Serous Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary;

Meningioma;

Mesothelioma
Virus assoc tumors: HTLV-1: Adult T-cell Leukemia
Virus assoc tumors: HBV, HVC: Hepatocellular CA
Virus assoc tumors: EBV (2): Burkitt's lymphoma;

Nasopharyngeal CA
Virus assoc tumors: HPV (3): CAP it:

Cervical CA (16, 18);

Anal CA;

Penile CA
Virus assoc tumors: HHV-8: Karposi's sarcoma
where is person most likely to have cancer?: Skin

(skin has highest incidence, but unable to quantify)
top (3) MCC of CA in male and female: Male:
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal

Female:
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
top (2) MCC of death from CA in male and female: Male:
Lung
Prostate

Female:
Lung
Breast

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Deck Info

Number of cards 73