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Emotion and memory

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what must be done to specifically implicate consolidation?
the emotion effects must be augmented after a delay, as consolidation is defined as a time-dependent selective transfer of new information into long-term storage
what is the amygdala?
a subcortical structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain
How did they use animal models to understand emotion based memories?
Animal studies have used training procedures based on classical conditioning principles to elucidate how the brain forms and retains memories for cues and contexts that predict aversive or rewarding outcomes
Give an example of an animal study that can help in understanding fear based memories?
when presented with a tone that reliably predicts the delivery of a foot shock, rats will readily acquire fear responses to the tone and other features of the environment.
What does the amygdala do?
The amygdala integrates sensory information about threats across subcortical and cortical routes of processing and orchestrates integrated defensive reactions by controlling autonomic and motor output centers
what is important in the acquisition and subsequent suppression (extinction) of fear associations to cues and environmental contexts?
The amygdala’s internal processing and its interactions with the frontal lobes and hippocampus, another structure in the temporal lobe, are important in the acquisition and subsequent suppression (extinction) of fear associations to cues and environmental contexts, and these findings have been confirmed in humans
What is the memory modulation h?ypothesis
Following an emotionally arousing experience, the amygdala engages adrenergic and cortisol stress- hormone systems that interact to promote memory storage in the cortex.
What shows a converging mechanism?
Amygdala damaged patients do not remember the emotionally stimulating parts of a story but remember the normal non emotional parts. Similarly, when healthy individuals are given propranolol ( a drug that antagonizes the adrenergic system) similar results are seen. Showing a converging mechanism.
What is memory consolidation?
The broad definition of memory consolidation is the process by which recent memories are crystallised into long-term memory or consolidation is defined as a time-dependent selective transfer of new information into long-term storage
What was the phelp study done?
Phelps et al. (1998) presented a list of emotionally arousing and neutral words to amygdala-damaged patients, and recall was tested immediately and following a 1-hour delay
results of the phelps study?
Control subjects showed different forgetting curves for the material over the delay interval, with a decline in memory for the neutral words but a relative increase in memory for the arousing words over time. In contrast, the patients forgot both classes of words at the same rate. Because the effect of emotion on memory was boosted over the delay in control subjects and the patient deficit was exacerbated following this delay, the results specifically implicate a role for the amygdala in arousal-mediated memory consolidation.
what experiment was done to show how the amygdala influences memory circuits in the brain to achieve retention boost?
Dolcos, LaBar, and Cabeza (2004) showed participants pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and participants recalled the pictures after scanning was completed. For each participant, brain activity during encoding was segregated into responses to pictures that were subsequently remembered versus those that were forgotten.
What is the difference in memory effect?
Comparison of these activation patterns yields a neural marker for the successful encoding of items into long-term memory: the Difference in memory (Dm) effect
what did they find from the LaBar experiment?
The Dm effect in the amygdala and other temporal lobe structures was larger for the emotionally arousing pictures than for the neutral pictures. In addition, the emotional Dm effects were highly correlated across different regions of the temporal lobe, indicating that the amygdala and other temporal lobe structures are functionally coupled during the successful encoding of emotional memories
what was the adolph experiment done and why?
One account of the emotional-story findings discussed earlier is that the amygdala (and adrenergic engagement) normally focuses attention on material presented during the emotional segments of the story, which in turn foregrounds in memory this central thematic information (called gist) at the expense of background peripheral details. Adolphs, Tranel, and Buchanan (2005) tested this hypothesis by presenting amygdala-damaged patients with target items embedded in a series of either emotional or neutral pictures (Fig. 2). Gist and peripheral-detail memory were then tested for the targets as a function of the emotional-encoding manipulation
Results of the adolph study?
Anarrowing of memory focus on gist information was found for the emotional-encoding condition in the control subjects but not in the patients.
smith experiment?
found greater activation in the amygdala and other structures when individuals accurately recognized neutral objects that were previously encoded in emotional picture contexts (both pleasant and unpleasant) relative to those encoded in neutral picture contexts. This pattern occurred despite the fact that only the neutral objects were presented during the recognition test. Thus, the amygdala participates in reinstating emotional contextual information during retrieval and/or links emotional changes signaled by other brain regions to specific retrieval cues.
Greenberg experiment?
showed that the retrieval of pleasant autobiographical memories in response to personally tailored cue words elicited activation of the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal lobes. Activity in these regions was also more highly correlated during autobiographical retrieval than during the retrieval of general semantic knowledge. The findings indicate that the amygdala was functionally incorporated into a frontotemporal memory network but only when experiences from the personal past were being retrieved.
difference in brain activity?
Although retrieval of prior events recapitulates activity in some brain areas that were active during the initial encoding of the events, the brain regions discussed here may make unique contributions to encoding and retrieval. For instance, amygdala activity signals successful retrieval of both emotional items and contexts, but during encoding its activity more strongly predicts emotional item memory... Moreover, in the Dolcos et al. (2004, 2005) studies, the temporal lobe regions exhibited some hemispheric asymmetry as a function of memory stage within participants: Whereas the encoding effects were localized mainly in the left hemisphere, the retrieval effects were localized mainly in the right hemisphere
what is recollection?
one’s sense of traveling back in time to re-experience the contextual details of the memory
what is familiarity? and when does it occur?
a form of retrieval in which the memory trace has little supporting contextual information. feelings of familiarity often occur when individuals are encountered outside of their typical social context
what is valence?
Valence, as used in psychology, especially in discussing emotions, means the intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation
other mechanisms
Kensinger and Corkin (2004) found that another region of the frontal lobes interacts with the hippocampus to boost memory for less-arousing emotional stimuli and that this effect bypasses the amygdala. Valence-based effects in the absence of high arousal are thought to reflect semantic relatedness and other organizational benefits of emotion. For example, words that share emotional valence tend to be more semantically related than a random selection of neutral words, and this shared valence yields retention advantages
review focussed on_________
emotional influences on long-term declarative memory
can emotion impair memory? if yes when?
yes.emotion can impair memory under some conditions, including prolonged or intense stress, task-irrelevant emotional distraction, and anxiety and mood disorders.

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