Psych 270 Exam 2
Terms
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- Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia
- Obvious deterioration in functioning, change in personality with characteristics similar to schizotypal personality disorder, including peculiar behaviors and perceptual experiences
- Active phase of Schizophrenia
- symptoms such as hallucinatinos, delusions, and disorganized speech are present
- Residual Phase of Schizophrenia
- Signs and symptoms similar to that of the prodromal phase - positive symptoms may improve, but negative symptoms and impairment often continue
- Positive (psychotic) symptoms
- presence of abnormal functioning - e.g., hallucinations, delusions
- Negative symptoms
- absence of normal functioning - e.g., social withdrawal, lack of initiative
- Disorganization
- verbal communication problems and bizarre behavior
- Hallucinations
- Sensory experiences not caused by external stimuli - perceptions of nothing (voice in silence)
- Delusional beliefs
- peculiar beliefs that are rigidly held despite their illogical and unreasonable nature - They can be grandiose, paranoid, or bizarre
- Blunted affect
- failure to exhibit signs of emotion - neg symp
- Anhedonia
- inability to experience pleasure - neg symp
- Apathy
- *reduced activity* - social withdrawal, isolation common - neg symp
- Avolition
- Indecisiveness, uncertainty, and a loss of will power - neg symp
- Alogia
- impoverished thinking and poverty of speech, along with thought blocking; patients have little to say, cannot maintain a train of thought, etc. - neg symp
- Disorganized speech
- saying things that don't make sense - disorg.
- Loose associations
- abruptly shifting topics - disorg.
- Tangentiality
- irrelevant responses - disorg
- Perseveration
- saying things over and over - disorg
- Catatonia
- immobility and muscular rigidity, or excitement and overactivity - disorg
- inappropriate affect
- inconsistency between emotional state and behavior - disorg
- Dementia Praecox
- psychosis that end in intellectual deterioration with early onset (in adolescence)
- Schizoaffective disorder
- symptoms of schizophrenic disturbance overlap with a depressive or manic episode, but psychotic symptoms are present at some point without mood disorder symptoms
- Delusional Disorder
- preoccupation with nonbizarre delusions for at least one month
- Brief psychotic disorder
- exhibit psychotic symptoms for at least one day but no longer than one month, often following a markedly stressful event
- Heritability
- the relative contribution of genes to a characteristic
- Heritability ratio
- = variance due to genetic factors/ (Total variance) ..total variance = (variance due to genetic factors + variance due to environmental factors + variance due to the interaction of genes and environment)
- Gene-environment correlation
- a nonrandom association between inborn tendencies and environmental experience ..can be active or passive
- Emotion
- state of physiological arousal defined by subjective states of feeling
- Affect
- observable behaviors related to emotions (e.g. facial expressions, pitch of voice)
- Mood
- sustained emotional response
- Depressed mood
- general term for mood involving sadness, despair
- Clinical depression
- a clinical syndrome: set of emotional + cognitive + behavioral + somatic symptoms .....clinical syndrome-symptoms such as depressed mood, fatigue, loss of energy, sleeping difficulties, appetite changes, cog & behav changes
- Dysphoric
- An unpleasant mood (gloomy, dejected)
- Beck's Depressive Triad
- focusing on negative aspects of self, environment around them, and future
- Psychomotor retardation
- slowing down of motor responses - a behavioral symptom of depression
- Major Depressive Disorder
- the experience of at least one major depressive episode. At least two weeks in duration without any manic episodes (5 of 9 symptoms for at least 2 weeks, dysphoria and/or anhedonia, and additional symptoms of: eating, sleeping, psychomotor, energy, guilt/worthlessness, concentration/decisiveness, death)
- Dysthymia
- Less severe symptoms, but predominantly depressed mood for at least two years. Does not involve impairment like MDD does
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Person has experienced at least one manic episode
- Bipolar II Disorder
- Person has not experienced a manic episode, but has experienced hypomanic episodes with MDEs
- Hypomania
- The experience of a less severe period of increased energy - generally shorter duration and weaker in intensity than full-blown manic episodes
- Cyclothymia
- Chronic but less severe mood swings. Lasts at least two years in which the person experiences numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods of depression BUT NO major depressive or manic episodes
- Melancholia
- Severe form of depression with symptoms including loss of pleasure, loss of interest, loss of appetite, early morning awakenings, excessive guilt. Pts tend to respond well to biological treatments
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Symptoms of reexperiencing a traumatic event, avoidance, and increased autonomic arousal or anxiety. - symptoms must last more than one month
- Acute Stress Disorder
- Occurs within the first 4 weeks after exposure to trauma and includes symptoms similar to PTSD and dissociative symptoms
- Dissociative Disorders
- Persistent, maladaptive disruptions in the combination of memory, consciousness, or identity
- Somatoform Disorders
- Unusual physical symptoms that occur in the absence of a known physical illness
- Traumatic Stress
- The experience of an event involving actual or threatened injury or death and the response of intense fear, helplessness, or horror in reaction to the event
- Avoidance
- avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma, including thoughts or feelings related to the event
- Dissociative amnesia
- **A dissociative symptom** - inability to recall important aspects of a traumatic experience
- Validity
- Degree to which evidence and rationale support interpretations and actions
- Disorganized subtype of Schizo
- characterized by disorganized speech, behavior, and inappropriate affect (all three must be present)
- Undifferentiated subtype of Schizo
- meets the criteria for schizophrenia but does not fit other subtypes or fits multiple subtypes (often exhibit hallucinations/delusions and disorganization)
- Residual subtype of Schizo
- patient who doesn't meet the criteria for active-phase but still exhibits negative symptoms
- Ambivalence
- Lack of commitment usually associated with schizophrenia
- hypnagogic
- hallucinations that occur while one is falling asleep
- hypnopompic
- hallucinations that occur while one is waking up
- Illusions
- misperceptions of something (whispers in wind)
- Manic Episode
- - Elevated or expansive mood for 1 week - 3 of 7 sxs: grandiosity, low sleep, talkative, flight or ideas, distractibility, high activity, risky behavior
- Hypomanic Episode
- - Same sxs as manic episode, but for 4 days - no marked impairment, hospitalization, psychotic sxs
- normal participants
- people with no history of mental disorder
- patient controls
- people who have some other form of mental disorder
- case control design
- comparison groups that are composed of people who do not have the disorder in question and another group "cases" that includes people who already meet the diagnostic criteria for a particular mental disorder
- representative sample
- a sample that accurately represents some larger group of people
- convenience samples
- groups of people who are easily recruited and studied
- Longitudinal study
- involves studying people repeatedly over time
- cross-sectional study
- people are studied at only one time point
- prospective design
- supposed causes are assessed in the present, and subjects are then followed longitudinally to see if the hypothesized effects develop over time - more effective but more expensive
- retrospective study
- researchers look backward in time either by asking people to recall past events, or by examining records from the past - less expensive, but it is of limited value because of distorted memories and limited records
- retrospective reports
- current recollections of past experiences
- analogue studies
- studying a condition that is similar to the clinical disorder in question. Focus on behaviors that resemble mental disorders - or isolated features of mental disorders - tat appear in the natural environment
- flashbacks
- sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or thoughts
- Conversion Disorder
- psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms, often mimicking those found in neurological diseases or disorders (ie. hysterical blindness or paralysis, but may make no anatomical sense)
- Somatization disorder
- multiple somatic complaints (over time or simultaneously) in the absence of organic impairments - include pain, gastrointestinal, sexual and pseudoneurologic symptoms but patients may exhibit a lack of concern about the physical symptoms
- Hypochondriasis
- persistent, intense, and disturbing fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness - lasting over six months
- body dysmorphic disorder
- preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance - typically focuses on a facial feature (such as nose or mouth); may lead to repeated visits to a plastic surgeon
- Malingering vs. Fictitious disorder
- M) pretending to have a disorder to achieve a tangible benefit F) a made-up condition that is motivated by a desire to assume the sick role
- primary gain
- symptoms may sever the function of protecting the conscious mind by expressing the psychological conflict unconsciously
- secondary gain
- symptoms may help a patient to avoid work or responsibility or gain attention
- prosopagnosia
- cannot recognize faces, but prefer faces that should be familiar
- implicit memory
- changes in behavior apparently based on memory but without conscious remembering
- Diatheses
- a predisposition to a particular disease
- stressors
- adverse life events
- Schizo Essay
- Support: CR, Children of Schizo, Social Class Against: Expressed emotion predict relapses, patterns of brain dysfunction and structure
- MDD Essay
- Support: CR, rumative response predicts duration & severity - supports cog theory, aversive patterns of expression can induce episodes - stressful life events participate in onset Against: have not found linked gene, high cortisol not causal factor cuz some people suppress it
- Bipolar Essay
- Support: Heritability high, genetic markers found on chrom 18, aversive patterns of exprsesion and communication with family can induce recurrence of mania Against: Two people may react very differently to the same stress. Cortisol levels cannot be assumed for this cuz pepole with depression do show ability to suppress cortisol
- PTSD Essay
- Supporting: CR, pre-existing cog factors like expectations and prepardeness control risk. Social support after trauma influences development Against: high comorbidity with depression, traumatic experiences are common yet not everyone develops PTSD