Acid/Base Disorders
Terms
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- What is Respiratory Acidosis?
- Excess Carbon Dioxide or CO2 retention...(too much CO2)
- What is Respiratory Alkalosis?
- Excess CO2 excretion....(deficit of CO2)
- What is Metabolic Acidosis?
- Bicarbonate or HCO3 loss with acid retention
- What is Metabolic Alkalosis?
- Bicarbonate or HCO3 retention and acid loss
- What are possible causes for respiratory acidosis?
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-CNS depression from drugs, injury or disease
-Asphyxia (to smother)
-Hypoventilation related to a disease - What are possible causes for respiratory alkalosis?
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-Hyperventilation from anxiety, pain or improper ventilator settings
-respiratory stimulation due to drugs, disease, hypoxia, or fever
-Gram negative bacteremia - What are possible causes for metabolic acidosis?
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-Loss of hydrocloric acid from prolonged vomiting or gastric suctioning
-Loss of potassium from increased renal excretion(as in diuretic therapy) or steroids
-Excessive alkali ingestion - What are the symptoms for respiratory acidosis?
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-Restlessness
-Confusion
-Coma
-Headaches
-SOB
-Tachypnea (fast respirations >20)
-Decreased reflexes
-Hypoxemia(low o2 in blood)
-Tachycardia
-Arrhythmias - What are the symptoms for respiratory alkalosis?
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⬢Deep and rapid respirations
⬢Dizziness
⬢Agitation
⬢Circumoral and peripheral paresthesia(numbness around lips)
⬢Carpopedal spasms, twitching,(spasms of feet and hands) and muscle weakness - What are the symptoms for metabolic acidosis?
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⬢Bicarbonate depletion from diarrhea
⬢Excess production of organic acids from hepatic disease, endocrine disorders, shock, or drug intoxication
⬢Inadequate excretion of acids from renal disease - What are the symptoms for metabolic alkalosis?
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⬢Loss of hydrochloric acid from prolonged vomiting or gastric suctioning
⬢Loss of potassium from increased renal excretion (as in diuretic therapy) or steroids
⬢Excessive alkali ingestion - What are the treatments for respiratory acidosis?
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⬢Bronchodilator(meds that dilate lung bronchus)
⬢Oxygen
⬢Treat hyperkalemia (^K+)
⬢Treat infection
⬢Treat underlying causes
⬢Chest CPT - What are the treatments for respiratory alkalosis?
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⬢Treat underlying cause: sepsis, salicylate (aspirin) overdose
⬢Hypoxia: give O2
⬢Anxiety: give a sedative
⬢Hyperventilation: breathe into a paper bag
⬢Adjust ventilator settings - What are the treatments for metabolic acidosis?
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⬢Mechanical ventilation is usually the first line of therapy
⬢Treat DKA(diabetic Keto Acidosis)
⬢Administer sodium bicarbonate
⬢Dialysis - What are the treatments for metabolic alkalosis?
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⬢D/C(discontinue) thiazide diuretics and NG suctioning
⬢Give an antiemetic for N/V(nausea and vomiting)
⬢Meds to excrete bicarb