Gastrointestinal Disorders Pathophysiology
Terms
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- Nausea
- The sensation can range from stomach discomfort that comes and goes in waves, to painful cramping to an urgent need to vomit.
- Retching
- Also known as dry heaves, it is a process where gastric contents are forced in the esophagus, but do not enter the pharynx.
- Vomiting
- Also known as emesis. Dopamine and serontonin antagnoists,as well as anticholinergics, may block this action,
- Esophageal atresia
- common congenital anomaly that fails to develop as continues passage to the stomach but rather terminates in a blind-ended pouch.
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
- abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus; it may occur separately from esophageal atresia, but freqeuntly acoopanies it.
- Dysphagia
- The causes include multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), myasthenia gravis, brain injury, Parkinson's diease and Alzheimer's disease, as well as chronic autoimmune disrorders like scelroderma and Sjogren's syndrome
- Esophageal deverticulum
- The resulting sac or pouch tends to retain food, which may lead to dsyphagia and progress to esophagitis and ulceration
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
- The pathogenesis is thought to be inadequate relaxation of the esophageal sphintcer during retching or vomiting, with stretching or tearing of the esophageal junction at the moment propulsive explusion of gastric contents.
- Hiatal hernia
- maybe of two tyes, sliding, or paraesophageal, the latter of which may get progressively larger to the point where surgery is necessary.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Refluate may result in heartburn indicative of esophageal mucosal erosion, eventual narrowing of the esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, and increased risk for esophageal cancer
- Gastritis
- may be actute vairety when transient hemorrahge into the mucosa occurs in association with NSAIDs, alochol, or bacterial toxins produced in food contaminated with Staphylococcus
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- due to increased gastrointestinal motility and abnormal intestinal contractions
- Crohn disease
- it is characterized by grabulomatous lesions that are surrounded by normal appearing mucosal tissue
- Ulcerative colitis
- marked by bouts of bloody and mucus containing diarrhea nd mild abdominal cramping.
- Infectious enterocolitis
- infections spread by oral fecal route, often contaminated in food and water
- Diverticulosis
- increase in intraluminal pressure with colon, related to a low volume of colonic content; low fiber diet and sedentary lifestyle
- Appendicitis
- inflammation may be due to intraluminal obstruction with a hard piece of stool or bowel twisting
- Diarrhea
-
acute or chronic and caused by infectious organims, food,etc.
major cause of mortality among children - Constipation
- primary disorder of intestinal motility, side effect of drugs,, problem associated with another disease, or symptom of obstructing lesions of gastrointestinal tract
- Fecal impaction
- may result in watery diarrhea and fecal incontinence due to bowel's increased secretory activity in an effort to break up the mass
- Intestinal obstruction
- may be paralytic in nature (lack of nueral innervation to part of bowel) or mechanical (structures, tumors, intussusception)
- Periontitis
- caused by bacterial invasion from a perforated peptic ulcer, ruptured appendix, perforated diverticulum, gangerenous bowel; characterized by pain, abdominal distention, fever, elevated white blood cell count.
- Malabsorption syndrome
- It can selectively affect one dietary component or all substances normally absorbed in a particular segment of the intestine.
- Celiac disease
- the disease results from an inappropriate T-cell-meidated immune response against a component of gluten protein known as a-gliadin.
- Cholestasis
- blockade results in materials normally normally transferred to bile such as bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile acids
- Jaundice
- yellowish discoloration of the skin
- Hepatitis A
- infection with a single strand RNA virus transmitted via the fecal-oral route
- Hepatitis B
- infection with double stranded DNA virus
- Hepatitis C
- most common form chronic hepatitis with single stranded RNA virus
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- severe type associated with high levels of serum antibodies
- Liver cirrhosis
- most often associated with viral alcoholism, can develop secondary to viral hepatitis and biliary obstruction
- Alcoholic liver disease
- alcohol induced liver involve progression from lipid accumulation with hepatocytes, to inflammation and necrosis of liver cells
- Portal hypertension
- increase in pressure within the portal vein caused by a blockage in blood flow through the liver
- Liver failure
- severe consequence of liver disease that results when 80-90% of hepatic functional capacity is lost
- Cholelithiasis
- gallstones caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile, cholesterol and bilirubin
- Pancreatitis
- substantial tissue damage and may progress beyond the pancreas to produce a systemic inflammatory response
- Anorexia nervosa
- determined dieting, compulsive exercise, purguring behavior
- Bulimia nervosa
- recurrent binge eating accompanied by vomiting, fasting, excessive excercise