B1 W3 R, Atkinson 1
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- Following stress and injury to a normal cell, this Reversible Cell Injury can lead to:
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1. Normal Cell
2. Adaptation
3. Irreversible cell injury - What are the different ways cells adapt after injury?
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1.Hypertrophy
2.Hyperplasia
3.Atrophy
4. Metaplasia - What happens after irreversible injury?
- Necrosis
- Severity of injury is dependant on what?
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1. mechanism
2. intensity
3. duration - What is etiology?
- the mechanism of injury
- What is the mechanisms of REVERSIBLE cell injury?
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Low ATP by inhibition/disruption of aerobic respiration
Low ATP causes
1. Cellular swelling
2. acidosis
3. decreased protein synthesis - What is hydropic change?
- Swelling, pale cytoplasm in cells due to faulty Na+ pump
- What happens when the cell membrane is comprimised due to injury?
- Irreversible cell injury
- What is the most prominent effector of cell death?
- Necrosis as a result of increased Ca++ influx and the breakdown of mitochondria releasing free radicals
- How does the membrane get damaged during injury?
- free radicals and lysosome breakdown
- What are some examples of free radicals?
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superoxide
hydroxyl radical - What is cell adaptation?
- An alternative to necrosis due to a less severe but persistant stress
- What is Hypertrophy?
- increase in SIZE after injury: muscle
- What is Hyperplasia?
- Increase in NUMBER after injury:liver
- What is Atrophy?
- decrease in SIZE: muscle denervation of muscle
- What is Metaplasia?
- change in cell type/ tissue to a more efficient one: in smokers
- What is Dysplasia?
- disordered proliferation: change in size, shape and organization of tissue
- Which type of cell death causes inflamation?
- Necrosis
- What is Autolysis?
- Necrosis as a result of the cell's own enzymes
- What is heterolysis?
- neutrophils cause necrosis
- What are the types of necrosis?
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1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Pancreatic fat
4. non-enzymatic fat
5. Caseous
6. Glummatous
7. gangrenous
8. fibrinoid - Describe COAGULATIVE necrosis?
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dry: black, dry, shriveled,*ischemia
wet:bacteria,*bowl ischemia
Gas: anerobic bacteria - Describe LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis?
- enzymatic degredation, amorphous mass, *brain lesion
- Describe NON-ENZYMATIC necrosis?
- trauma to adipose tissue
- Describe CASEOUS necrosis?
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crumbled cheese-like found in center of granulomas w/ pink color
*TB, fungal infections - Describe GLUMMATOUS necrosis?
- firm and rubbery,PINK, found in granulomas,*syphilis
- Describe FIBRINOID necrosis?
- pink homogenous material in BLOOD VESSELS, malig. hypertension, immune disorders
- What is ACUTE steatosis (fatty change)?
- parenchyma, MICROvessicular, triglycerides,*preeclampsia, Reye synd.
- What is CHRONIC steatosis (fatty change)?
- parenchyma, MACROvessicular:large lipid droplet, *diabetes, mal nutrition, obesity
- How do you produce a fatty liver i.e increase the storage of tryglycerides?
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1. Diabetes/starvation
2.Anemia/hypoxia
3.ethanol
4.protein malnutrition - What is an increase in adipocytes in parenchyma?
- Fatty infiltration
- What carbohydrate is involved in storage disease?
- Glycogen, *diabetes
- What are some endogenous pigments that can lead to storage disease?
- heme-derived, melanin, lipofuscin, copper
- What is hemosiderosis?
- excess iron is stored in cells
- What is hemochromatosis?
- excess iron that is absorbed and deposited in tissues causing damage
- What is a Prussian Test
- test for iron deposits...turns blue
- What unique substance is produced by malaria as it breaks down Hemeglobin?
- hemozoin
- What toxic product is created when hemoglobin is broken down in the liver,spleen, or bone marrow?
- Bilirubin accumulates in the brain
- What is lipofuscin
- brown pigment accumilated in a cell because its old
- What occurs in Wilson's disease
- accumulation of copper-->toxic
- What is edema?
- Fluid that is not returned to the capillary bed by the oncotic pressure which is then picked up by lymphatics
- What causes edema?
- hydrostatic pressure increased, oncotic pressure decreased, blocked lymphatics, inflamation
- What is transudate and exudate?
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1.transudate is non-inflamatory edema
2.Exudate....inflamatory edema - What is anasarca?
- extreeme systemic edema..congestive heart failure or hypoproteinemia
- Deposition of calcium in injured tissue is?
- Dystrophic calcification
- Deposition of calcium in normal tissue?
- Metastatic calcification
- What is anthracosis?
- macrophages consum particles in lungs
- What is GLUMMATOUS necrosis?
- Pink, rubbery, firm granuloma *syphilis
- What is fibrinoid necrosis?
- areas of pink homogenous material in blood vessel walls