Psychology Exam 1
Terms
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- Aristotle
- Love of data. Derived principles from careful observationl knowledge NOT preexisting.
- Descartes
- Philosopher. Dissected animals and concluded that the fluid in the brains cavities contained animal spirits "nerves"
- Locke
- Concerning Human Understand, essay took 20 years. Argued that mind at birth is blank slate on which experience writes.
- Empiricism
- View that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation. Locke helped form this.
- Functionalism
- a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
- Natural Selection
- Inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
- Basic Approach to Psychology
- Basic research- pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
- Psychiatry
- Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders
- Developmental Psychology
- basic research that deals with our changing abilities from womb to tomb. Physical, social, emotional change
- Social Psychology
- basic research that explores how we view and affect one another. Interaction with others
- For an A_DO...
- Actively process & elaborate on info Distribute your study time Overlearn information
- Plato
- Socrates student. Concluded mind is separable from body and continues after body dies. Knowledge is born with.
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Experimented lag between hearing and doing. (ball experiment) "atoms of the mind" First experiment
- Francis Bacon
- Human mind and it's failings. Anticipated our minds hunger for patterns
- Structuralism
- early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
- Psychology
- Science of behavior and mental process
- Clinical and Counseling Psychology
- Treatment of emotional and behavioral problems
- Applied approach to Psychology
- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
- Biopsychology
- biological, neurological process
- Industrial-Organizational Psychology
- work behavior, productivity, satisfaction
- Cognitive Psychology
- how we perceive, think, and solve problems
- Mental environment
- knowlede, personality, skills attitudes, perception, abilities beliefs, motivations, goals
- physical relationships
- inpute-->physical enviorment-->result
- Nature vs. Nurture
- human traits develop through experience or do we come equipped with them?
- brain plasticity
- brain's ability to modify itself after some types of damage
- evolutionary psychology
- study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
- family, adoption, twin studies
- 93-97. check notes
- temperament
- person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
- heritability
- proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.
- gender roles
- set of expected behaviors for males and for females
- gender identity
- one's sense of being male or female
- social learning theory
- theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
- gender schema theory
- theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
- teratogens
- agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
- inborn (rooting) reflexes
- baby's tendency, when touched on cheek, to turn toward the touch, open mouth, and search for NIPPLE!!
- habituation
- decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
- maturation
- biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
- Piaget's stages of development
- sensorimoter (0-2) Preoperational (2-6) Concrete operational (7-11) Formal operational (12-present)
- Piaget and theory
- Biologist, observant father, descriptive. "children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world" (schemas)
- schema
- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
- accommodation
- adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
- assimilation
- interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
- object permanence
- the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
- conservation
- principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
- egocentrism
- in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's points of view
- secure attachment
- bold, outgoing. (more outgoing monkey)
- insecure attachment
- clingy and uncommunicative (unresponsive monkey)
- determinants of attachment
- Physical contact familiarity Parental responsiveness previous attachment
- Harlow monkey studies
- Monkeys preferred that soft cloth but still took milk from the other fake monkey
- imprinting
- process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
- characteristics of a good daycare
- low child to caregiver ration promotes social and cog. development cheerful verbally stimulating safe familiar adult caregiver
- developing self-concept
- a sense of one's identity and personal worth
- Authoritarian parents
- impose rules and expect ovedience
- Permissive parents
- submit to their children's desires, make few demands and use little punishment
- Authoritative parents
- both demanding and responsive. set rules and explains why
- adolescent development
- growth, puberty, blah, etc.
- Piaget and moral reasoning
- believed children's moral judgments build on their cognitive development.
- Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning
- 1)Preconventional morality- (0-9), obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards 2)conventional morality- (early adolescence) morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules 3)Postconventional morality- affirms people's agreed-ipon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles
- Stages of psychosocial development
- look at page 166.
- menopause
- the time of natural cessation of menstruation. women's ability to reproduce declines. 1 POINT FOR THE GUYS
- Alzheimer's disease
- progressive and irreversible brain disorder. causes gradual deterioaration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
- crystallized intelligence
- one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. increases with age
- fluid intelligence
- one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. decreases with age
- James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
- Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
- Schacter's Theory of Emotion
- "two-factor theory" that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
- rape myth
- the idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken"
- mere exposure effect
- the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
- romantic love
- passionate love and companionate love
- passionate love
- aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usualy present at the beginning of love relationship
- companionate love
- deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
- self-disclosure
- revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
- equity
- condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it