Respiration Overview
Terms
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- Dyspnea
- Perception of difficulty breathing
- Dyspnea is induced by
-
Abnormal blood gas (pC02, p02)
Abnormalities in pH
Stimulation of pulmonary receptors - Obstructive Lungs Diseases
-
Asthma
COPD
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Emphysema - Dyspnea and airway obstruction
- Expiratory flow limitation due to narrowing of airways.
- Asthma
-
Airway obstruction that is reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment
Airway inflammation
Increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli
Airway remodeling -
Asthma - Development of Airway obstruction
Immune response: -
Lymphocytic response CD4+ (and CD8+):
- IL-4
- IL-13
- GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor)
B-cells isotype switching to IgE.
Neutrophils recruited - Asthma - Development of Airway obstruction
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- Immune response
- Inflammation
- Smooth muscle contraction
- Mucus hypersecretion
- Eventual airway remodeling -
Asthma - Creation of Airway obstruction
Inflammatory response -
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Neutrophils - bronchospastic mediators
- Histamine
- Leukotrienes
- Platelet activating factor - Symptoms of Airway obstruction in Asthma
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Shortness of Breath
Chest Tightness
Wheezing
Cough - Chronic Bronchitis -Airway Obstruction via Airway Inflammation
-
-Total cell counter - 3x
-Neutrophil accumulation
-Eosinophils
-Depressed helper/suppressor T-cells
Macrophage infiltration of bronchial mucusa
Epithelial and mucus gland hyperplasia
Ciliary denudation - Symptoms of Airway Obstruction in Chronic Bronchitis
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SOB
Cough
Wheeze +/-
No tightness in chest (as in asthma) - Emphysema - Airway Obstruction
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Inflammation - early lesion of respiratory bronchiolitis with plump, activated MACROPHAGES
Imbalance of proteases/antiproteases
- Neutrophil elastas
- Macrophage matric metalloproteinase
Inactivation of antiproteases
Additional OXYGEN RADICAL mediated lung injury and inactivation of antiproteases - Symptoms of Emphysema
- SOB