Chapter 8 (cont.)
Terms
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- muscles whose action is under voluntary control; examples: the muscles that move the eyeballs, tongue, and bones
- skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles, striated muscles)
- striated muscle found in the heart
- cardiac muscle
- muscles whose actions are involuntary; found principally in the visceral organs, walls of arteries, walls of respiratory passages, and in the urinary and reproductive ducts
- smooth muscles
- muscle fibers arise directly from bone
- fleshy attachments
- connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum
- fibrous attachments
- when the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a particular bone, the attachment is called this
- aponeurosis
- provide the framework of the body, protect internal organs, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow
- bones
- cube-shaped bones that consist of a core of spongy bone, aka cancellous bone, that it is enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone; examples: ankles and wrists
- short bones
- bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes; examples: vertebrae and the bones of the middle ear
- irregular bones
- these bones provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; examples: skull, shoulder blades, and sternum
- flat bones
- found in the extremities of the body, such as legs and arms
- long bones
- the shaft or long, main portion of a bone
- diaphysis
- the two ends of the bones that provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints
- distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis
- found within the epiphyses and is surrounded by a layer of compact bone; red bone marrow is found here
- spongy bone
- a type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints
- articular cartilage
- dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers the remaining surface of the bone; contains numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves
- periosteum
- in growing bones, the inner layer of the periosteum contains bone-forming cells known as these
- osteoblasts
- "soft spots" found on an infant's skull
- fontanels
- supports the body and provides a canal for the spinal cord
- vertebral column
- forms the skeletal framework of the neck
- cervical vertebrae
- the first cervical vertebra that supports the skull
- atlas
- the second cervical vertebra that makes possible rotation of the sull on the neck
- axis
- 12 vertebrae that support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs
- thoracic vertebrae
- 5 vertebrae that carry most of the weight of the torso
- lumbar vertebrae
- gelatinous mass in the center of the intervertebral disks
- nucleus pulposus
- attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides attachments for musclesthat aid upper limb movements
- pectoral girdle
- supports the trunk of the body and provides protection for the visceral organs of the pelvis
- pelvic girdle
- joints that allow movement
- synovial joints
- a sleevelike extension of the periosteum
- joint capsule
- the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
- orthopedics
- a physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves
- osteopathic physician (DO)
- broken bone
- fracture
- the bone is broken, but with no external wound
- closed or simple fracture
- involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture
- open or compund fracture
- a broken bone has injured some internal organ, such as when a broken rib punctures a lung
- complicated fracture
- the bone has broken or splintered into pieces
- comminuted fracture
- occurs when the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone
- impacted fracture
- when the line of fracture does not include a whole bone
- imcomplete fracture
- when one side of a long bone is broken and the other side is bent
- greenstick fracture
- a break at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist
- Colles fracture
- a minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment
- hairline fracture
- usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis
- pathological (spontaneous) fractures
- infection of the bone and bone marrow
- osteomyelitis
- pus-forming bacteria
- pyogenic
- destruction of the bone
- necrosis
- stiffening, or freezing of the joints
- ankylosis
- chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones
- Paget disease; aka osteitis deformans
- common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly
- osteoporosis
- an abnormal curvature of the spine, either to the left or to the right
- scoliosis
- an abnormal curvature of a portion of the spine
- kyphosis, aka humpback or hunchback
- an abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the spine
- lordosis; aka swayback
- a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling deformities
- rheumatoid arthritis
- metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystal in blood
- gouty arthritis; aka gout
- genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue
- muscular dystrophy
- a neuromuscular disorder, causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (of the eyes, face, and, to a lesser degree, the limbs)
- myasthenia gravis (MG)
- develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow; usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs
- ewing sarcoma