the chemistry of life
Terms
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- complex carbohydrates
- carbohydrates that are long polymers
- polysaccharides
- long polymer chains that link sugars together
- dehydration synthesis
- the process in which a covalent bond is fromed between two subunits in which a hydroxyl group (OH-) is removed from on subunit and a hydrogen (H+) is removed from another
- electrons
- negatively charged part of an atom; circles arond the nucleus
- pairs with guanine
- cytosine
- matter
- any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space
- double covalent bond
- two pairs of electrons are shared
- hydrolysis
- the process of tearing down a polymer by adding a water molecule; a hydrogen is attached to one subunit and the hydorxyl to another
- hydroxide ion
- OH-
- acid
- any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+; pH lower than 7
- neutrons
- neutral part of an atom; found in the nucleus
- 20 kinds
- the number of kinds of amino acids
- enzymes
- a protain capable of speeding up chemical reactions
- RNA
- contains ribose sugars in which sour of the five carbons bond to hydorxyl group; contain uracil instead of thymine; single strand
- tracer
- a radioactive substance that is taken up and used by the body; detected by using special laboratory equipment and can reveal diagnostic information about the functioning body
- macromolecules
- very large molecules
- hydrogen ion
- H+
- hydrophilic
- water loving
- functional groups
- special groups of atoms attached to an organic molecule with special chemical properties
- types of chemical bonds
- covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
- buffer
- a substance that can take up or release bydrogen ions to a solution s the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution changes
- chemical bond
- the energy or force holding two atoms together
- isotopes
- atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons; same atomic number but different atomic mass
- triple covalent bond
- three pairs of electrons are shared
- high heat of vaporization
- many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
- pH
- the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
- polynucleotide chains
- in the formation of a nucleic acid, the individual sugars are linked in a like by the phosphate groups
- pairs with thymine
- adenine
- ionic bonds
- form when atoms are attracted to each other by opposite eletrical charges
- daltons
- the unit of measurement used to measure the mass of an atom and subatomic particles
- protons
- positively charged part of an atom; found in the nucleus
- adhesion
- the attraction of two different types of polar molecules
- ionization
- the process of ion formation (sometimes when a covalent bond is broken)
- monosaccharides
- the simplest carbohydrates are the simple sugars; glucose
- amino acids
- small molecules with a simple structure
- quarternary structure
- the spatial arrangement of the several component chains
- four types of organic molecues
- proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
- starch
- the glucose polysaccharide plants use to store energy
- hydrogen bonds
- weak chemical bonds of a very special sort
- fossils
- created when the remains, footprints, or other traces of organisms become buried in snad or sediment
- peptide bond
- the covalent bond linking two amino acids together
- chaperone proteins
- a type of protein that helps denatured proteins fold correctly
- atomic number
- the number of protons in an atom
- 1:2:1
- the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a carbohydrate
- lipids
- fats and all other biological molecules that are not soluble in water but in oil
- structure of amino acids
- a cerntal carbon atom to which an amino group, a craboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a functional group "R" are bonded
- atomic mass
- the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- single covalent bond
- only one electron is shared
- nucleic acids
- very long polymers that serve as information storage devices for cells
- primary structure
- the sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain
- element
- any substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by ordinary chemical means
- base
- any substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water; pH above 7
- fatty acid
- a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms ending in a carboxyl group
- cohesion
- the attraction of two of the same type of polar molecules
- solutable
- all polar molecules that dissolve in water
- dissaccharide
- forms when two monosaccharides link; sucrose
- nucleotides
- a complex organic molecule composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogen-containing base
- teriary structure
- folded and twisted in the case of a globular molecule; final three-demensional shape
- secondary structure
- initial folding; hydrogen bonding within this structure can pold the polypeptide into coils and sheets
- organic molecule
- a molecule formed b living organisms that consists of a carbon-based core with special groups attached
- orbital
- the volume of space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found
- types of nucleic acids
- DNA and RNA
- polar molecules
- molecules with a positive and negaitve end
- heat storage
- hydrogen bonds require considerable heat before they break, minimizing temperature changes
- atoms
- what all matter is made of; made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- carbohydrates
- polymers that make up the structural framework of cells and play a critical role in energy storage
- polymer
- a molecule built up of long chains of similar subunits
- ice formation
- water moleculed in an ice crystal are spaced out relatively far apart because of hydrogen bonding
- proteins
- a long chain of amino acids linked end to end by peptide bonds
- ion
- atoms is which the number of electrons does not match the number of protons because they have gained or lost an electron; electrically charged
- denatured
- when a protein is unfolded
- steroid
- a lipid made of four carbon rings
- polypeptides
- long chins of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
- radioactive decay
- the process where the nucleus tends to break up into particles with lower atomic numbers; used in medicine and dating fossils
- phospholipid
- the membranes of cells are made of a modified fat
- molecule
- a group of atoms held together by energy
- unsaturated
- fats composed of fatty acids that have double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- glycogen
- a highly insolutable macromolecule formed of glucose polysaccharides that are very long and highly branched; how energy is stored in animals
- hydrophobic
- water fearing
- four general groups of amino acids
- nonpolar, polar unchared, polar ionizable, and special chemical groups
- energy
- the ability to do work
- properties of hydrogen bonds
- 1. very weak 2. very directional
- DNA
- double helix; contains thymine instead of uracil; one hydroxyl group is replaced with a hydrogen atom
- properties of ionic bonds
- 1. strong 2. not directional
- second electron shell
- holds up to eight electrons
- four general levels of protein structure
- primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
- simple carbohydrates
- carbohydrates that are small monomers or dimers
- saturated
- fatty acids with all internal carbon atoms forming covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- covalent bonds
- form between two atoms when they share electrons
- properties of covalent bonds
- 1. strong, involves lots of sharing of energy 2. very directional
- first electron shell
- holds up to two electrons