Anthropology 173
Terms
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- Why was Mendel important?
- He developed the idea of particulate inherentence and gene codes for proteins
- Four Contributions of Darwin
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1. Varitation in offspring
2. Not all offspring will survive
3. Survival of the fittest offspring
4. Traits are inherited - Adaptation
- If a species has traits that do well in a particular environment (ecological or social) those traits will be selected for, and this species will become adapted to that environment.
- Ultimate
- Evolution and genes
- Proximate
- Cues
- Locus
- A place on a chromosone for a gene
- Allele
- Versions of a gene
- Mitosis
- Each chromosome doubles, and puts IDENTICAL halves into each new cell
- Meiosis
- Each chromosome doubles, but then matched pairs separate into two cells- these are NOT identical. Then the two copies separate into two cells to make a haploid cell.
- Who is Carl Sagan
- Devised a calendar that condenses the 15 billion year history of the universe into a single year.
- Plato and Aristotle's thoughts on evolution...
- Animals and plants form a single, graded contiuum going from perfection to less perfection.
- Chain of Being
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A chain that links everything from the supreme being down to the lowleist creature.
Extra: Species cannot become extinct in chain of being. - System Naturae
- Carolus Linnaues' hierarchical classification scheme, in descending order going from kingdom to class, order, genus, and species, provided framework for the idea that humans, apes, and monkeys had a common ancestor.
- Jean Baptiste Lamarck
- Acquired characteristics could be inherited and therefore a species could evolve.
- Georges Cuvier
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Leading opponent of evolution.
Catastrophism instead. - Catastrophism
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A quick series of catastrophes accounted for changes in the earth and fossil record.
EX: Biblical Noah's Flood - Uniformitarianism
- Suggests the Earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by natural forces that have operated over fast stretch of time.
- Natural Selection
- The process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time.
- Three Conditions of Natural Selection
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Variation
Heritability
Differential Reproductive Success - Developers of Punctuated Equilibrium (2)
- Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould.
- Genetic Drift
- Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from random processes that affect gene frequencies in isolated populations
- Gene Flow
- Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from matings between populations.
- Particular Environment referes to the idea that...
- We cannot say that one species adapted to its partiuclar environment "Better" than another species adapted to a different environment.
- Gradualism
- The view of evolution supported by the idea of modern synthesis.
- Modern Synthesis
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Speciation occurs when subpopulations would become isolated by geographic barriers or when different subpopulations encountered niches
->Results in development of reproductive isolation
-> New Species! -
Developers of Modern Synthesis
(4) - Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Simpson
- Punctuated Equilibrium
- New species evolve quickly, but once a successful species emerges, its characteristics are likely to change little over long periods of time
- Particular Environment refers to the idea that...
- We cannot say that one species adapted to its partiuclar environment "Better" than another species adapted to a different environment.
- Directional Selection
- A particular trait is positively favored and the average value shifts over time toward the adaptive trait.
- HBD Kettlewell
- Moths in Britain
- Modern synthesis postulates that...
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Speciation occurs when subpopulations would become isolated by geographic barriers or when different subpopulations encountered niches
->Results in development of reproductive isolation
-> New Species! - Normalizing Selection
- The average value does not change, but natural selection removes the extremes.
- Wright Effect
- Another term for genetic drift
- Founder Principle
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Small group recently derived from larger pop. migrates to isolation
->if a particular gene is absent just by chance in the migrant group
->descendants unlikely to carry gene. - Genetic drift and natural selection > or < differences between populations in different environments
- Genetic drift and natural selection INCREASE these differences
- Gene flow < or > differences between populations in different environments
- Gene flow DECREASES these differences.
- Cline
- Variation in gene frequency between the peoples of one region and the peoples of another
- Altruism (Self-Sacrificing Behavior)
- A behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior.
- Hamilton's Rule
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Br>C
B: Fitness Benefit to recipient
C: Fitness cost of altruistic act
r: coefficient of relatedness - Kin Selection
- Natural selection that acts through benefit to relatives.
- Reciprocal Altruism
- Exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time.
- WD Hamilton
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Genetic basis for the existence of kin selection.
Development of a gene-centric view of evolution.
Forerunner of sociobiology