Biology Final Exam
Terms
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- capillaries
- smallest blood cells where arteries + veins meet
- neurotransmitters
- are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a sysnapse
- semicircular canals
- position body in relation to gravity
- mutualism
- both species benefit from relationship
- systemic circulation
- pumps blood through the rest of the body besides lungs
- founder effect
- a situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
- biomass
- total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
- plantea
- eukaryote, cell walls of celulose; chloroplasts, mulitcellular, autotroph
- heterotrophs
- consumers, relay on other organisms for food
- myosin
- thick filaments containing protein
- vitamins
- organic molecules that help regulate body process with enzymes
- gibberellins
- produced by seed tissue and are responsible for the rapid early growth of many plants
- food chain
- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
- niche
- full range of physical and biological conditions in which the organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
- fungi
- eukaryote, cell walls of chitlin, multi + uni, heterotroph
- food web
- links all the food chains in an ecosystem together
- adaptive radiation
- single species evolve into many new forms
- joint
- bone to bone
- fats
- formed from fatty acids and glycerol
- bronchi
- two large passageways in the chest cavity from the larynx
- species
- group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed together
- vas defrens
- tube, extends upward from the scrotum to abdominal cavity
- carbohydrates
- main source of energy for the body
- permafrost
- a layer of permanently frozen subsoil
- tendons
- skeletal muscles are joined together by tough connective tissue
- pioneer species
- the first species to populate an area
- coniferous
- produce seed-bearing cones
- evolution
- change over time
- cerebrum
- largest and most prominent region of brain
- placenta
- embryo's organ of respiration,nourishment, and excretion
- cell body
- largest part cell nueron
- prostaglandins
- modified fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells
- peristalsis
- contractions that squeeze food through esophagus to stomach
- target cells
- cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
- cones
- distinguish color
- hardy-weinberg principle
- allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
- thalamus
- recieves messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body then relays info to proper region of the brain
- ureter
- leaves each kidney carrying urine to bladder
- domain
- larger than a kingdom
- specialized cells
- uniquely suited to perform a particular function
- diaphram
- large flat muscle at bottom of cavity
- reabsorption
- liquid is taken back into a vessel
- ecology
- scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment
- taiga
- boreal forests
- struggle for existence
- member of each species compete for food,living space, and other necesities
- gravitropism
- a response of a plant to the force of gravity
- gastrulation
- formation of 3 cell layers; endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
- pupil
- in the middle of the iris
- thigmotropism
- the response of plants to touch
- carnivores
- only eat animals
- pharynx
- serves as passage way for air and food
- polar zones
- are cold areas where suns rays are low
- axon
- fiber that carries impulses away from cell body
- primary succession
- on land, succession that occurs on the surfaces where no soil exists
- aorta
- 1st of a series of blood vessels that carry the blood on its round trip through the body and back to the heart
- paleantologists
- scientists who study fossils
- populations
- groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
- archeabacteria
- the domain responds to archea; prokaryote, cell walls, unicellular, auto + hetero
- adrenal glands
- release hormones that help body prepare and deal with stress
- companion cells
- phloem cells that are surrounded by sieve tube elements
- atrium
- receives the blood
- lymphatic system
- a network of vessels, nodes, and organs; collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns back to circulatory system
- autotrophs
- producers, energy from environment to feed themselves
- behavioral isolation
- occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or reproductive stratagies
- hypothalamus
- control center for hunger and thirst, fatigue, anger
- cytokinins
- plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruit seeds
- acetylcholine
- vesicals in the axon terminals of the motor neuron release a neurotransmitter
- communities
- assemblages of different populations in a defined area
- biome
- a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
- myelin sheath
- axon surrounded by insulating membrane
- competitive exclusion principle
- no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
- actin
- thin filaments made of protein
- herbivores
- obtain energy by only eating plants
- predator-prey relationship
- best known mechanism of population control
- reflex
- quick automatic response to a stimulus
- sensory receptors
- react to a specific stimulus
- rods
- not distinguish color
- understory
- a second layer of shorter trees and vines
- homeostasis
- which organisms keep internal conditions stable
- bone marrow
- cavaties, soft tissue
- disruptive selection
- when individuals at the upper and lower ends have higher fitness than the middle
- cilia
- sweep the trapped particles and mucus away from lungs toward pharynx
- ventricle
- pumps the blood out of the heart
- large intestine
- removes water from undigested materials
- secondary succession
- when disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore ecosystem to original condition
- puberty
- period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional
- plasma
- water,gases,salts,nutrients,enzymes, plasma proteins
- esophagus
- food tube
- omnivores
- eat plants and animals
- evolutionary classification
- grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history
- pulmonary circulation
- the right side of the heart pumps blood from heart to lungs
- uterus
- cavity where fetus can develop
- genetic drift
- random change in allele frequency
- biosphere
- contains combined portions of planet in which all life exists
- nervous tissue
- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body
- binomial nomenclature
- each species is assigned a two part name
- vili
- fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients
- molecular clock
- uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
- Calorie
- 1000 calories and 1kilocalorie
- nephrons
- functional units of kidneys
- taxonomy
- classify organisms and assign each organism universally accepted name
- white blood cells
- guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria
- lens
- adjust focus
- zygote
- a diploid cell contains a set of chromosomes from each parent
- polygenic traits
- controlled by two or more genes
- menstruation
- blood is excreted through vagina
- hypothalamus
- controls secretions of the pituitary gland
- hormones
- chemicals that are released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body
- decomposers
- break down organic; fungi, bacteria
- retina
- photoreceptors are arranged there
- vessel element
- angiosperms have a different kind of xylem cell
- protista
- eukaryotic, cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts, unicellular + multicellular, autotroph + heterotroph,
- archea
- live in extreme environments,
- epithelial tissue
- covert exterior body surronding
- eubacteria
- the domain bacteria goes with, prokaryote, cell walls with peptidoglycan, unicellular, auto + hetero
- sporophyte
- a spore producing plant
- valves
- flaps of connective tissue prevents, blood from mixing
- deciduous
- a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season
- haversion canals
- running through compact bone, contain blood vessels and nerves
- larynx
- contains two highly elastic folds of tissue known as the vocal cords
- mucus
- moistens air and traps inhaled particles
- urethra
- releasing tube (urine released)
- detrivores
- feed on plant and animal remains
- chyme
- stomach fluids and food
- adaption
- any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
- survival of the fittest
- individuals that are better suited to their environment-adaptions that enable fitness-survive and reproduce most successfully
- temporal isolation
- in which two or more species reproduce at different times
- loop of henle
- is a section of the nepron tubule in which water in conserved and the volume of urine is minimized
- hemoglobin
- iron containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues through out the body
- penis
- male genital part
- lymphocytes
- produce antibodies that are proteins to help destroy pathogens
- homologous structures
- structures that are physically built in the same configurration
- fossils
- preserved remains of ancient organisms
- theory
- well supported testable explanation of a phenomena
- follicles
- clusters of cells surrounding a single egg
- proteinoid microspheres
- large organic molecules that form tiny bubbles
- cladogram
- a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of arganisms
- weather
- day to day condition of earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place
- geographic isolation
- two populations are separated by geographic barrier
- cerebellum
- second largest part of the brain
- auxins
- produced in the apical meristem and are transported downward into the rest of the plant, they stimulate elongation
- urethra
- the tube that leads to the outside of the body
- stabilizing selection
- when individuals near the center have higher fitness levels than the individuals at either end of the curve
- gall bladder
- where bile is stored
- dendrites
- short branched extensions
- macroevolution
- large scaled patterns and processes that occur over a long period of time
- epidermal cells
- outer covering of a plant
- ovulation
- egg is released
- sieve tube elements
- main phloem cells
- single gene trait
- controlled by a single that has two alleles
- parathyroid gland
- act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in blood
- urinary bladder
- saclike organ where urine is stored before excretion
- arteries
- large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
- pancreas
- keeps glucose levels stable in the blood
- implantation
- morula is implanted
- symbiosis
- any relationship in which two species live closely together
- periosteum
- bone surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue
- endocrine glands
- release secretions directly into the bloodstream
- fossil record
- all the information about pastlife
- filtration
- happens in glomerulus
- reflex arc
- includes sensory receptors
- cochlea
- vibrations in oval window create pressure waves in the fluid filled
- exocrine glands
- release secretions through tubelike structures called ducts
- herbicides
- compounds toxic to plants
- directional selection
- when individuals have higher fitness in the middle or at the the other end
- atherosclerosis
- fatty acids build up on the inner wall of arteries
- connective tissue
- provides support for body and connects parts
- phototropism
- the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light
- descent with modification
- each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
- fetus
- after 8 weeks of development embryo is called
- greenhouse effect
- heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases is
- humus
- a material found in decaying leaves
- ligaments
- hold bones together in a joint
- resource
- water, nutrients, light, food, or space
- fitness
- the ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
- action potential
- negative to positive charge
- temperate zones
- sit between polar zones and tropics
- small intestine
- where re absorption of material occurs in digestion
- pituitary gland
- bean sized structure at base of the skull, secretes nine hormones
- brain stem
- connects brain to spinal cord (pons + medulla oblangata)
- menstrual cycle
- four phases of a womans cycle
- alveoli
- millions of tiny air sacs
- animalia
- eukaryote, multicellular, heterotroph
- abiotic factors
- physical, nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem
- punctuated equilibrium
- pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
- endosymbiotic theory
- proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms
- Veins
- blood returns to heart
- eukarya
- organisms that have nucleus
- parasitism
- one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it
- ossification
- cartilage is replaced by bone
- corpus luteum
- the follicle turns yellow
- microfossils
- microscopic fossils
- phylogeny
- evolutionary relationships among organisms
- climate
- average year around conditions of termperature and precipitation
- epididymis
- sperm fully mature and stored
- pancreas
- produces enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
- liver
- produces bile
- reproductive isolation
- when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
- threshold
- the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a nueron
- proteins
- supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle
- predation
- one organism captures and feeds on another organism
- extinct
- species died out
- pacemaker
- muscle contractions throughout the heart
- natural selection
- survival of the fittest, over time results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population
- bacteria
- unicellular and prokaryotic
- trophic level
- each step in a food chain or web
- minerals
- inorganic nutrients that the body needs to
- seminiferous tubules
- in each testis are clusters of millions of tiny tubules
- gametophyte
- gamete producing plant
- meniges
- 3 layers of connective tissue around brain and spinal cord
- commensalism
- one member benefits and other is neither helped or harmed
- feedback inhibition
- one stimulus produces a response to another stimulus
- neurulation
- development of nervous system
- canopy
- dense covering
- bowmans capsule
- hollow cup shaped structure in kidney
- rugea
- ridges in stomach wall
- scrotum
- external sac where testes descend
- genus
- closely related group of species
- ecosystem
- a collection of all the organisms live in a particular place together with nonliving surroundings
- trachea
- wind pipe
- artificial selection
- nature provides variation, humans select those variations that they found useful
- vagina
- leads to outside of body where baby can come out
- stomach
- large muscular tube where there is mechanical and chemical digestion
- chemosynthesis
- organisms use chemical energy to produce carbs
- thyroid
- regulates bodies metabolism
- lateral bud
- meristematic area on the side of a stem that gives rise to side branches
- amalyase
- breaks down the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars
- speciation
- formation of new species
- resting potential
- electrical charge of neuron is in resting state
- fallopian tubes
- fluid filled tubes, connected to ovary
- epiglottis
- covers entrance to trachea when swallowing
- synapse
- the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell
- differentiation
- responsible for the development of various types of tissue in the body
- platelet
- create a way to clot blood
- ethylene
- stimulates fruits to ripen
- kidneys
- excrete excess ions; water volume, maintain proper ph, remove nitrogenous waste, monitor blood glucose level
- muscle tissue
- along with bones, enable the body to move
- myocardium
- two thin layers epithelial tissue and connective tissue that form a sandwich around a thick layer of muscle
- convergent evolution
- unrelated organisms come to resemble one and another
- taxon
- taxonomic catagory
- genetic equilibrium
- which allele frequencies remain constant
- derived characters
- characters that appear in recent part of lineage but not in its older members
- glomerulus
- small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron
- neuromuscular junction
- point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
- relative frequency
- the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur
- common descent
- all species- living and extinct - were derived from common ancestors
- neurons
- cells that transmit impulses
- red blood cells
- cells that transport oxygen
- tropisms
- demonstrates the ability of plants
- cerebrospinal fluid
- bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber that protects central nervous system
- ecological pyramid
- diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web
- Coevolution
- evolution between 2 species
- gene pool
- consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population
- tropical zone
- located near the equator
- biotic factors
- biological influences within an ecosystem
- ecological succession
- series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time