enviro mid term
Terms
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- requires local governments to adopt floodplain development regulations in order to be eligible for federal flood insurance. also denies federal finding to proposed construction projects in designated flood hazard areas.
- federal flood disaster protection act of 1973
- established a strategy for reducing soil eroision in the us. farmers are given a subsidy for highly erodicble land they take out of production and replant with soil saving grass or trees for ten years. farmers who violate their contracts must pay back al
- farm act of 1985
- regulates supertankers and reduces the chances of supertanker oil spills
- oil protection act of 1990
- requires new standards for pesticide tolerance levels in foods and requires manufacturers to demonstrate that the active ingredients in their pesticide products are safe for infants and children. it also allows the epa to apply an additional ten fold saf
- food quality protection act of 1996
- promotes irrigation and water development projects in the arid west
- reclamation act of 1902
- prevented the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, or poisonous foods, durgs, medicines, and liquors, and also to regulate traffic therein.
- pure food and drug act of 1906
- helps state agencies restock and conserve game fish through a tax on fishing equipment
- federal aid in fish restoration act of 1950
- enforces laws enacted by the us congress and regulations created by the agency to protect the consumer's health, safety, and money
- food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938
- triples the amount of land in the national wilderness system and doubles the area in the national park system
- antiquities act of 1906
- allows rivers and river segments with outstanding scenic, rec, geo, wildlife, historical, or cultural values to be protected in the natl wild and scenic rivers system. waterways are to be kept free of development; they may not be widened, straightened, d
- national wild and scenic rivers act of 1968
- this toxic substance originates in Smelting ores, burning coal
- arsenic
- this toxic substance can lead to Cardiovascular damage, “corns and warts†form on feet, hands, and torso. Darkening of skin including Blackfoot disease which is loss of circulation and eventual gangrene
- arsenic
- this toxic substance is found in
- Cardiovascular damage, “corns and warts†form on feet, hands, and torso. Darkening of skin including Blackfoot disease which is loss of circulation and eventual gangrene
- this toxic substance causes damage to bone marrow, anemia and leukemia. Yellowing of skin.
- benzene
- this toxic substance originates in batteries, a zinc refining and cadmium smelting factory
- cadmium
- this toxic substance causes
- chronic bronchitis and emphysema, kidney effects including kidney stones, and result in kidney failure. Bone problems are usually like osteoporosis or other bone-growth diseases. The cancers cadmium can cause include lung cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer.
- this toxic substance originates in was used as a pesticide on crops like corn and citrus and on home lawns and gardens. Also used heavily with termite control.
- chlordane
- this toxic substance causes victim initially appearing agitated or excited and later becoming tired, confused, depressed, or uncoordinated. Chronic effects include damage to the nervous system or liver, as well as blood disorders or possibly liver cancer
- chlordane
- this toxic substance was used to preserve and is an anti-mildew agent. Found in a wide variety of substances from sugar, photographic film production, embalming fluid, fingernail polish, carpets, furniture, ect
- formaldehyde
- this toxic substance causes Generally respiratory issues including chronic effects-- getting nose cancer and throat cancer (nasopharyngeal cancer)
- formaldehyde
- this toxic substance comes from Burning fuel, industrial processes, and burning solid waste also release lead into the atmosphere. Also some paints, soldering, and stained glass
- lead
- this toxic substance causes Neurological toxin it also causes weakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles. Neurological effects include behavior and learning problems (hyperactivity), mental retardation, blindness, hearing problems, and slowed growth.
- lead
- this toxic substance comes from Dental fillings, burning coal, old thermometers, old florescent lights, some industrial processes
- mercury
- this toxic substance is an element can bioaccumulate in your body; kidneys and in the brain. It also biomagnifies up the food chain. A neurological toxin. muscle incoordination, loss of sensation, and difficulties with memory, uncontrolled salivation, tr
- mercury
- this toxic substance can be called PCBs
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- this toxic substance comes from old transformers and capacitors, as well as old electrical devices
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- this toxic substance causes Jaundice which is yellowish discoloration of the whites of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes caused by deposition of bile salts in these tissues. Formation of a type of acne composed of small pimples and blackheads known as
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- this toxic substance is a manufactured substance that is used to make Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), which is used in many plastic products
- vinyl chloride
- this toxic substance can Cause numbness, redness, and blisters, that feels similar to frostbite on the hands. Problems with blood flow in the hands can develop; the tips of fingers turn white and hurt while in cold temperatures. It can also cause the bre
- vinyl chloride
- changes through a population's genetic make up through successive generations is called
- biological evolution
- do individuals change?
- NO!
- individuals don't change, but they do
- acclimate
- small genetic changes in a population, or within a species. this is a horizontal change
- microevolution
- large scale evolutionary changes, or a vertical change above the species level
- macroevolution
- after kingdom comes...
- phylum
- after phylum comes
- class
- after class comes...
- order
- after order comes...
- family
- after family comes...
- genus
- after genus comes...
- species
- king phillip cooks onions for girl scouts
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- macroevolution is controlled by this, or the inheitance of DNA to all descendants
- genetic persistence
- another factor in macroevolution is this, or long term changes in lineages of speicies, and genetic losse, the steady or catastrophic loss of lineages
- genetic divergence
- how many fossils do we have?
- only about 1% of the species believed to have ever lived
- carbon dating is accurate back to around
- 15000 years
- in fossilization, do organic tissues survive?
- NO!
- chromatin is...
- unwound DNA
- this is the sum total of all genes possessed by the individuals in a popltn and this is the change of that pool over time
- a population's gene pool, microevolution
- different molecular forms of genes...
- alleles
- sources of new alleles
- mutations,random changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules
- sources of changes in DNA
- radioactivity, x rays, mutagens
- DNA -> RNA is called
- replication
- DNA->DNA
- replication
- DNA-> RNA
- transcription
- RNA-> amino acids
- translation
- the four DNA um... thingies
- adenine, cytozine, thymine, guanine
- the chemical unique to RNA is
- uracil
- any good mutation is called
- an adaption, or adaptive trait
- this occurs when the combined processes of adaptations and differential reproduction result in a particular beneficial gene becoming more common in succeeding generations
- natural selection
- these don't create fabvorable heritable characteristics
- environmental factors
- this natural selection causes allele frequencies to shift in one direction
- directional natural selection
- this kind of natural selection is common during periods of enviro changes or when memebers of a population migrate to new environmental conditions
- directional natural selection
- this natural selection favors the average and eliminates individuals on the extremes
- stabilizing natural selection
- this occurs when the environment changes little and most organisms are adapted to the environment. abnormal alleles have no advantage
- stabilizing natural selection
- this favors individuals on the extremes and eliminates the norm
- diversifying natural selection
- this can occur when there is a shift in the food supply. it selects against average individuals
- diversifying or disruptive natural selection
- species which interact...
- coevolution
- this favors mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
- coevolution
- why no perfectly adapted organisms?
-
1. change in enviro conditions lead to adaptations only for traits already present in the gene pool
2. adaptations are compromises. organisms must do many things and if it is well suited for one enviro, it is likely it is not suited as well for another
3. limited by popultn's reproductive capability
4. most members would have to die or become sterile so that individuals with the trait could predominate and pass the trait on - a species is
- a distinct type of organism that can mate and produce a viable offspring
- this is the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard
- risk
- injury, disease, economic cost, envionmental damage
- hazard
- four types of hazards
- cultural hazards, chemical hazards, physical hazards, biological hazards
- dirving, unsafe sex, smoking, poor diet, drinking, poverty
- cultural hazards
- things we do by choice that we as a society have invented or fostered
- cultural hazards
- from harmful chems in the air, water, soil, and our food
- chemical hazards
- these are mostly from the environment, like ionizing radiation, noise, fires, tornadoes, floods
- physical hazards
- things once alive/ created by living things. pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), pollen and animals like poisonous snakes
- biological hazards
- 25% of the world's forests are managed for
- wood production
- usually harvested on a short restoration cycle for
- fuelwood and paper fibers
- even aged
- short cycle, trees same age grown in monoculture
- uneven aged, mature trees cut, rest left. 10% at a time. allows natural regneration, avoids soil erosion and wind damage
- selective cutting
- removes mature trees in 2 to 3 cuttings over 10 years. 30% at a time. avoids crowding, allows seeding, keeps a natural look
- shelterwood cutting
- leaves a few uniformly distributed trees to regenerate the stand. 80% at a time.
- seed tree cutting
- remove all trees in one cutting and replant. requires less kill and planning, less time. max profit in short term. lots of erosion, less fertile soils
- clear cutting
- sustainable version of clear cutting .takes more land for the same amount of proft. good for wildlife
- strip cutting
- thin buffers of uncut trees to hide the effects of logging
- beauty strips
- how much wood consumed in us is waited?
- 60%
- natural fires are started by
- lightning
- these burn only underground/leaf litter. mature plants are spared
- surface fires
- these smolder for days before detection and hard to put out. most common in northern peat bogs
- ground fires
- methods of fire prevention:
-
prevention (warning system)
prescribed burning (setting controlled surface fires)
pre suprression-- early detxn and control of fires
suppression-- fighting fires once they've started - strip area down to bare mineral rock
- fire alleys
- these are where countries clean up and care for natural areas in return for foreign aid or debt relief
- debt for nature swaps
- private organizations, or countries pay other countries for protecting forest area
- conservation easements
- land that supplies forage of vegatation for grazers and browsers
- rangeland
- herbivores that can difest cellulose in grasses and convert it into meat and milk (cows, horses, grazers)
- ruminants
- occurs when too many animals grazy for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of the area. lowers productivity and changes the plants in the area
- overgrazing
- grass species that decline in abundance with moderate grazing. herbivores like these. they are soft and put weight on cattle
- decreasers
- those species that increase with moderate to heavy grazing. tough fibrous grass like crabgrass
- increasers
- plants that colonize an area because of major changes in rangeland conditions. cattle really don't like these. won't eat at all.
- invaders
- graze all year long in one area
- continuus grazing
- move livestock between 2 (usually 3) range areas thus allowing the perennial grasses to recover. ussually a 6 yr cycle
- deferred rotation grazing
- thin strips of permanent vegetation along streams that help prevent floods and drought
- riparian zones
- in the national forest system you can...
- do basically anyuthing
- the national forest system uses a
- multiple use basis management style
- national grasslands and national coastal areas are basically the same as
- national forest system
- the national wildlife refuge system is
- 90% in alaska. can do rec things.
- the national wildlife refuge system is managed by
- moderately restricted use basis
- the national park system includes
- the great smoky mtns
- the national park system is managed on
- resutricted use basis
- national wildlife preservation system
- no motorized access. usually in the center of national parks
- the amount of a potentially harmful substance that is ingested, inhaled, or absorbed
- dose
- the period of time in which dose is applied
- exposure
- this is a single dose or a short period of time (less than 14 days)
- acute exposure
- over most or all of a lifetime, must be exposed during two or more of these stages
- chronic exposure
- repeated exposures for some fraction of a lifetime, 2 or less life periods
- subchronic exposure
- type and amount of damage
- response
- immediate or rapid reaction, dissipates if exposure stops. ex. dizziness, rash
- acute effect
- a permanent or long lasting consequence like liver or kindey damage from drinking
- chronic effect
- MCS
- multiple chemical sensitivity
- dose and response can be affected by ---- of a chem in water or oil
- solubility
- the increase of concentrations of chems in specific organs and tissues above normal levels
- bioaccumulation
- length of time a substance stays in the body. commonly measured in biological half lives
- residence time
- toxic levels can be magnified as they pass through a food chain
- biomagnification
- these reduce the harmful effects of interacting chemicals
- antagonistic interactions
- these increase the harmful effects of interacting chems
- synergistic interactions
- 3 methods to determine the threat to human health
- case studies, lab investigations, epidemiology
- potentially harmful chems to which original chems can be converted within the body
- metabolites
- every dose has some symptoms
- linear response model
- below certain doses, a body can handle and repair itself
- threshhold response curve