COMM 1010 midterm
Terms
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- is the process whereby people create, maintain, repair, and transform social reality.
- Communication
- the process of actively engaging in dialogue with others who share a common purpose or goal
- Community engagement
- the verbal or nonverbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling that one person (the source) wishes to communicate to another person or group of people (the receivers)
- Message
- shared understanding of the message constructed in the minds of communicators
- Meaning
- similar to a dictionary definition or understanding of meaning based on the shared general understanding of the word. For example, when you hear the word “dog,†a content level of meaning would be a specific four-legged animal we often call man’s be
- The content level of meaning is the literal message—
- interpersonal, small group, intercultural, organizational, public, mass and computer-mediated communication
- 7 Contexts of communication:
- action, interaction, transactional, constructivist
- 4 Models of communication
- one directional, where one individual sends the message while the other individual receives the message
- Action
- builds on the action model and adds the additional dimension of a response from the other individual in the communication encounter, includes feedback
- Interaction
- simultaneously send and receive messages with an unlimited number of messages moving between sender and receiver at any time. There can even be multiple players (multiple senders and receivers).
- Transactional:
- receiver creates her own reality in her mind The sender’s words are symbols that must be interpreted, and the receiver constructs his own meaning based on his field of experience.
- Constructivist:
- a code consisting of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
- Language
- abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous representation of other things
- Symbol
- no 2 people will imagine the same thing
- Arbitrary
- faith freedom and love
- Abstract
- words meanings change thong and gay ex.
- Ambiguous
- a theory that our thought processes, which are limited by our language, determine our perception of reality and, therefore, that language shapes social reality
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- explains how specific words and combinations of words are regulated and provide guidelines for how words are grouped together and used. (explain language functions)
- Regulative rules
- explains the denotative meanings of a word and provides guidelines for what counts as what. (explains what words mean given a particular social and cultural context).
- Constitutive rules
- Nonverbal and verbal codes
- work together
- --- behaviors may function to repeat, to emphasize, to compliment, to contradict, to substitute or to regulate a --- message
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nonverbal
verbal - kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage, chronemics and haptics
- Types of nonverbal behaviors:
- study of body movement, gestures, postures and facial expressions
- Kinesics
- how humans use space and time
- Proxemics
- nonword sounds and pitch, volume
- Paralanguage
- study of time and how people use time and organize in various settings
- Chronemics
- how we use touch in communication
- Haptics
- both nonverbal and verbal communication methods are ---, are guided by rules, and reflect culture. --- is perceived to be more believable
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symbolic
nonverbal - Listening for pleasure, listening to discriminate//learn information, listening critically when we evaluate and judge, listening empathetically.
- Types of listening
- hearing, attending, understanding, responding and remembering.
- Steps of listening
- external obstacles ( noise, complex messages) internal obstacles ( preoccupation, pre-judgment lack of motivation)
- Obstacles to listening
- three or more individuals working toward a common goal while using shared rules and norms for communicating
- Small group communication
- explicit and implicit rules implemented, perpetuated, and understood by all group members
- Shared rules
- individuals within a group are mutually dependent on each other, they influence and are influenced by one another
- Interdependence
- Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning
- 5 Phases of group development
- individuals view conflict as a means to better decisions and work collaboratively together to solve the conflict
- Constructive conflict
- first step is to recognize and define the problem next step is problem analysis, when the group gathers facts surrounding the problem third step is to generate criteria to assess solutions.
- Problem solving process
- concerned with specific course of action that should be taken place related to a specific topic or issue, so groups discuss what should be done to address a specific problem or issue
- Question of policy
- concerned with understanding whats true and can be proven based on observation or behavior
- Question of fact
- concerned with understanding what is good or just, and they are influenced by group members values and judgments about a given topic or issue
- Question of value
- A structured form of brainstorming that ranks alternative ideas.
- Nominal group technique
- compares the pros and cons of a specific proposal can be helpful to determine the best solution
- T-chart
- reward power, coercive power (demoting or taking away), legitimate power(boss), referent power (charisma) , and expert power (if person needs job)
- Bases of power
- assumes that leaders are born, not made. Individuals who approach leadership from this perspective believe that some individuals are just leaders because they have natural effective communication traits, such as a charismatic speaking style.
- Trait
- looks at the communication behaviors that influence the organization or work group. This approach takes into account whether the behaviors fit the organizational climate.
- Functional
- provide basic expectations of behaviors of group members under specific circumstances. Most norms found within groups are considered implicit
- Norms
- a pattern of behavior expected of a group member. Roles are not constant; as a group progresses through phases, expectations of roles can change.
- Roles
- provides four code types for different personality traits and characteristics. Extravert or introvert, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, judging or perceiving.
- Myers Briggs Personality Indicator
- intragroup conflict, (family,team) interpersonal conflict (husband and wife), and intergroup conflict (2 nations, manager and employee, 2 political parties)
- Levels of conflict
- Avoidance, competition, compromise, accommodation, and collaboration
- Thomas-Kilmann conflict model:
- audiences judgment on whether a speaker is believable
- Source credibility:
- tone of voice -38%, words-7%, body language-55%
- Delivery
- determine your main points, organize topical, chronological, spacial(geog), problem solution, causal
- Organization
- support points with examples, statistics, quotations and analogies
- Support
- The socially constructed behavior, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular community or population.
- Culture
- group of individuals who belong to a nondominant cultural group, which has unique experiences that foster distinctive patterns of communication
- Co-Cultures
- occurs when a marginalized group attempts to fit in with a dominant culture
- Assimilation
- occurs when a marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity, while establishing a positive relationship with the dominant culture
- Assimilation:
- relates exclusively with its own group, while minimizing the relationship with the dominant culture
- Seperation
- tangible objects and physical substances that have been altered by human intervention, reflect a cultures values. Icons, personal possessions.
- Material components
- beliefs, values, and norms held by a culture.
- Non-material components
- Holding ones culture above other cultures
- Ethnocentrism
- increases exposure to other cultures
- Intercultural communication:
- a culture should be judged by its context rather than measured against another culture
- Cultural relativism
- making generalizations about a person based on a group affiliation
- Stereotyping:
- individualist vs collectivist, low context vs high context,power distance, femininity vs masculinity, dealing with uncertainty, aggression and emotion, and time orientation
- Cultural Value Differences
- motivation, knowledge, attitudes and behaviors.
- Intercultural communication competence