FINAL SCIENCE TERMS MIXED
Terms
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- sodium bicarbonate
- neutralizes acid in chyme, chemical compound released by the pancreas into the small intestine which neutralizes the acidity of the chyme, NAHCO3
- mitosis
- is process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical cells
- hybrid vigor
- Superior characteristics that are often found in hybrids produced by a cross of two closely related species.
- pepsin
- an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
- Renal Vein
- takes blood from the kidneys
- ventral
- nearest to or facing toward the axis of an organ or organism
- pelvis
- a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter
- loop of henle
- • Loop of Henle - U-shaped loop between the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney.section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine
- pyloric sphincter
- the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum
- specific epithet
- the second part of a species' name is the ______ ______, which is unique for each species within the genus
- rectum
- the short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form
- respiratory system
- the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide, the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
- Phenotype
- A trait that an organism actually shows
- systolic pressure
- the peak arterial BP attained during ventricular contraction (generally about 120 mmHg)
- bronchioles
- the smallest tubes of the bronchus. Coming from the bronchi that contain clusters of alveoli at each end.
- peristalsis
- involuntary waves of muscle contraction that push food through the digestive system
- fitness
- good physical condition
- decent with modification
- each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
- artificial selection
- Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
- RH factor
- presence, or lack, or antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia (which causes erythroblastosis fetalis), a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people
- rectum
- the lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored
- haploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
- trypsin
- breaks down protein in small intestine
- analogous structure
- structures with different function, but similar function
- geological time scale
- Used to represent the evolutionary time.
- mouth
- where all digestion begins.carbs are broken down here. saliva helps with both the mechanical and chemical digestion.
- anterior
- front end (head)
- allele
- varying form of a gene, one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
- natural selection
- The mechanism of evolutionary change first articulated by Charles Darwin
- circulatory system closed
- a continuous series of of vessels that deliver blood to body cells and return it to heart vertabrates, a continuous series of of vessels that deliver blood to body cells and return it to heart vertabrates
- ABO blood group
- The major human blood type system which describes the oligosaccharide glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of human blood cells.
- survival of the fittest
- organisms with the adaptations for their environment are most fit and are selected for. Organisms without these adaptations are selected against and may die (their traits are removed from the population)
- superior vena cava
- receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart
- mono-hybrid
- genetic crosses that involve one trait
- inferior vena cava
- receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart
- Elimination
- The waste leaves the body through the rectum.
- codominance
- the two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways
- systemic circulation
- pathway of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body except the lungs
- pepsin
- an enzyme found in digestive juice which chemically digests protein in food into amino acids
- intracellular digestion
- digestion that occurs inside a cell
- dorsal
- top side
- kidney stones
- build up of minerals inte kdneys (usually salt calcium) tx: pass through, ultersound, laser
- Glucagon
- increases blood glucose levels
- stroke
- a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain
- lactase
- the intestinal enzyme, An enzyme that digests lactose into simple sugars.
- Kidneys
- Filters the blood, keeping necessary amounts of minerals and water while discard extraneous amounts. , a pair of organs that filter water and waste materials from the blood
- adh
- Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys there fore keeping pressure up. antidiurectic hormone,
- anus
- excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal, where the anal canal terminates, consists of the external sphincter of skeletal muscle opens up to the exterior of the body, and the internal sphincter of smooth muscle (the involuntary sphincter) which is normally closed except during defacation
- carrier
- a person who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others
- mucus
- a thick, slippery substance that lines the esophagus
- ileum
- the final section of the small intestine., the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum
- Glomerulus
- small ball of capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule that filters the wastes from the blood
- heart attack
- a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function
- dominant trait
- trait observed when at least one dominant allele for each characteristic is inherideted.
- homologous structure
- structures with similar structure, but different function
- f2
- the immediate progeny of a mating between members of the F1 genetation
- aorta
- large blood vessel in mammals through which blood travels after it leaves the left ventricle
- hepatic portal vein
- a short vein that carries blood into the liver
- gallbladder
- the organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver
- f1
- first filial generation
- Incomplete Dominance
- A condition that results when genes produce a trait somewhere in between the traits of the parents
- cardiac sphincter
- the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach, a ring shaped muscle that closes of the end of the esophagus from the stomach
- reproductive isolation
- separation of populations so they cannot imbreed and produce fertile offspring, when members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
- pangaea
- the name means "all land". The large landmass that was once all of the continents connected together.
- Glomerulus
- small ball of capillaries encased in the Bowman's capsule that filters the wastes from the blood
- disruptive selection
- natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait
- heart murmur
- an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
- trachea
- windpipe; tube through which air moves
- pharynx
- muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food
- epiglottis
- Name the flap of tissue in the bakc of your throat that prevents food/liquid from entering your lungs?
- capillary
- smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
- geographic isolation
- occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population
- diploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
- Urinary Bladder
- short- term storage from urine
- small intestine
- the part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes palce
- pulse
- the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries it is a measure of HOW OFTEN our heart is beating
- nonrandom mating
- Individuals with certain genotypes mate more frequently with one another than would be expected at random.
- Mendel
- The founding father of modern genetics
- uti
- urinary tract infection
- Darwin
- natural selection, Mendelian genetics the mechanics behind natural selection, English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
- blood pressure
- is the force of the blood as it collides with our vessel walls and it gives us a measure of HOW HARD our heart has to squeeze the blood
- Excretion
- the removal of cellular waste products from an organism
- pharynx
- muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food
- larynx
- structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
- esophagus
- a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
- postzygotic barriers
- prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult
- liver
- the largest and heaviest organ inside the body which breaks down substances and eliminates nitrogen from the body
- karotype
- organized display of an organism's characteristics
- pancreatic amylase
- enzymes in pancreatic juices that along with brush border enzymes complete the digestion of starch
- pedigree chart
- A chart which shows several generations of related families and how traits are passed down through the offspring.
- bolus
- A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva
- prezygotic barriers
- ("before the zygote") impede mating between species or hinder the fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate.
- Ureter
- The pipe for waste to move from the kidneys to the bladder. , either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
- Law of segregation
- The genetic principle stating that the alleles of a gene occur in pairs and are separated from each other during meiosis and are recombined at fertilization.
- valve
- flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a ventricle, or in a vein, that prevents backflow of blood
- bronchus
- passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
- aorta
- large blood vessel in mammals through which blood travels after it leaves the left ventricle
- Meiosis
- Cell division that produces gametes of spores having one set of unpaired chromosomes, It results in the production of four genetically distinct (different) cells.
- cross breeding
- Breeding animals from different varieties to produce a breed with traits of both parents
- bronchus
- passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
- vestigial structure
- remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species
- renin
- a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys
- artery
- large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
- half life
- length of time required for half of the raidoactive atoms in a sample to decay
- salivary glands
- three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands
- semilunar valve
- a valve between each ventricle of the heart and artery that connects them
- distal
- far away from the limbs
- test cross
- the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
- vein
- in plants, a cluster of vascular tissue in leaves; in animals, a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
- bronchi
- two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
- alveolus
- tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
- Genetics
- The study of inheritance
- Bowman's Capsule
- cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus; semi- permeable; takes in wastes small enough
- salivary amylase
- in mouth, released by salivary glands and begins chemical breakdown of starch
- atrium
- upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
- Lungs
- remove carbon dioxide and water vapor; may be demonstrated using BTB or limewater
- circulatory system
- the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins responsible for circulating blood throughout the body., the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.
- posterior
- back end (tail)
- ventricle
- lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
- enzymes
- protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.
- passive diffusion
- high to low concentration
- tricuspid
- also called the right AV Valve
- autosome
- any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- systole
- the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
- AB-
- the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens
- Renal Tubule
- a long tubule that empties into a collecting duct
- adaptation
- inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
- venule
- a vessel that carries blood from a capillary to a vein
- Genotype
- Gene combination that determines phenotype
- vein
- in plants, a cluster of vascular tissue in leaves; in animals, a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
- protease
- Enzyme that breaks down proteins
- microvilli
- located in the convoluted tubules, increase surface area to increase reabsorbtion
- pulmonary circulation
- pathway of circulation between the heart and the lungs
- genetic drift
- changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance. Tends to reduce genetic variation.
- theory
- a hypothesis that is generally accepted due to LOTS of experimental support
- locus
- the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome
- homozygous
- Two similar alleles for a trait. ex. RR
- alimentary canal
- another name for the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, aka the GI tract. consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines
- directional selection
- natural selection that favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
- nuclease
- This is a DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out a segment f the strand containing the damage, enzyme that breaks down nucleotides
- heartburn
- a painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus)
- pleura
- A thin serous membrane in mammals that envelops each lung and folds back to make a lining for the chest cavity.
- enlarged prostate
- prostatomegaly
- Law of independent assortment
- The principle of genetics stating that different traits are inherited independently of one another.
- excretory system
- the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance, kidneys,ureters,urinary bladder,urethra
- tongue
- a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity
- chyme
- partially digested food
- atrioventricular node
- a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium
- atherosclerosis
- condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
- Skin
- excretes urea, water, and salt in the form of sweat
- caecum
- the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens
- mechanical digestion
- the physical breakdown of food
- parts of the digestive system
- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
- punnett square
- diagram showing possible gene combinations
- species
- a specific kind of something
- linkage
- (genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes
- myocardium
- thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory system
- Urethra
- tube that takes urine from the urinary bladder and excretes it from the body
- lateral
- Directed toward the side.
- diaphragm
- large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
- artery
- large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
- saliva
- the fluid released when the mouth waters
- villi
- increases surface area around the walls of the small intestine
- bicuspid
- also called the mitral and left AV Valve
- correlation
- measure of relationship between two or more quantitative variables
- incomplete dominance
- one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
- appendix
- a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
- stabilizing selection
- natural selection that favors average individuals in a population
- chemical digestion
- uses enzymes to break down starch in food
- arterioles
- small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
- Ammonia
- very poisonous and is changed to urea, which can be filtered by the kidneys
- absolute dating
- any method that enables scientists to find out how long ago an event occurred
- nephron
- The function unit of the kidney. Each kidney has about a million nehprons; this is where blood filtration and subsequent modification of the filtrate occurs. The nephron empties into collecting ducts, which empty into the ureter.
- ekg
- What machine detects abnormalities in the rhythm of the heartbeat and signs of injury from a heart attack?
- atrioventricular valve
- either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
- Bladder
- structure that stores urine
- pancreas
- a triangular organ that produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine
- trachea
- windpipe; tube through which air moves
- circulatory system open
- circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels, sluggish,insects crayfish and some mollusks, circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels, sluggish,insects crayfish and some mollusks
- pulmonary circulation
- pathway of circulation between the heart and the lungs
- maltase
- enzyme that breaks down maltose
- coronary artery
- the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart, the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart
- atherosclerosis
- condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
- Renal Artery
- brings blood to the kidneys
- Law of Dominance
- The principle of genetics stating that when organisms pure for contrasting traits are crossed, all their offspring will show the dominant trait.
- recessive trait
- Trait that is apparent when two recessive alleles for the characteristic are inherited.
- bile
- the chemical made by the liver, secreted by the gall bladder, that helps break down food into glucose
- Renal Vein
- takes blood from the kidneys
- heterozygous
- Two different alleles for a trait. ex. Rr
- atrium
- upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
- lipase
- main enzyme responsible for breaking down fats in the human digestive system, acts to convert triglyceride substrates found in oils from food to monoglycerides and free fatty acids., breaks down fats in the duodenum
- Gene
- A unit of genetic material that determines a trait
- duodenum
- the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum, first portion of the small intestine, first 12 inches of intestine
- Sinoatrial (SA) node
- a region of modified muscle cells in the right atrium that causes other heart muscles to contract by sending timed impulses, the pacemaker of the heart
- colon
- the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum
- diastole
- relaxation of heart muscle, relaxation of heart muscle
- myocardium
- thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory system
- Urea
- The main nitrogenous waste produced in humans
- Urinary system
- removes water, urea, and salt in the form of urine
- medial
- Of or pertaining to the middle.
- ventricle
- lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
- large intestine
- the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
- larynx
- structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
- relative dating
- is used to determine which fossil is older but not an actual age.
- hydrochloric acid
- the acid found in the stomach which kills bacteria on the food being digested, the chemical which destroys most of the harmful bacteria that enter your stomach
- dihybrid
- Crosses between individuals that differ in two traits
- digestion
- the breakdown of food into a usable form
- Heredity
- The passing of traits form parents to offspring
- Lamarck
- French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829)
- stomach
- a J-shaped, muscular pouch located in the abdomen that expands to hold all of the food that is swallowed
- capillary
- smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
- HCL
- chemical that helps liquify food in stomach
- Hybrid
- A genotype which is a combination of two different alleles for the same gene
- index fossil
- a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found
- medulla
- inner part of the kidney
- jejunum
- the second division of the small intestine which continues from the duodenum and extends for about 8 feet. it majorly occupies the umbilical region of the abdominal cavity, the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
- teeth
- carry out the first stage of mechanical digestion (canines, incisors, and molars)
- independent assortment
- each trait in a dihybrid cross is inhereted separately from the other
- sucrase
- An enzyme that digests sucrose into simple sugars.
- lysozyme
- an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria