bio exam 2 2
Terms
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- exchange of genetic material by interbreeding between populations of the same species or between individuals in a population
- gene flow
- all of the genes and their different alleles in a population
- gene pool
- random change in frequency of alleles in a population over successive generations due to sampling error in the gametes
- genetic drift
- used to calculate allele frequencies
- hardy weinberg equation
- balance in relative numbers of alleles that is maintained within a large population
- hardy weinberg equilibrium
- 4 parts of hardy weinberg equilibrium
- no natural selection, no migration, no mutation, mating is random
- no variation among the members of a popluation, just one form exists
- monomorphic
- more than one form exists
- polymorphic
- total number of individuals in a certain species in a certain area
- population
- the area a species covers
- range
- group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
- species
- evolution occurs at this level
- population level
- population geneticists study:
-
measurement of genetic variation in a population, examines morphological and molecular characters
examination of the mechanisms by which genetic variation changes over space and time - the genotype is to the individual as the____ is to the population
- allele frequency
- results in a gene pool that is closed to alleles from other species
- reproductive isolation
- a gene pool consists of all of the alleles that
- are present in a population at a given point in time
- besides genetics, what else can affect genotypes
- environment
- in order for environment to cause changes in two species, if species are different, they must
- live in different environments
- humans have 30000 genes, if 30% have allele frequencies less than one, how many genes have alternative allele?
- 9000
- principles of heredity are important to understanding Darwin's theory of evolution of life by means of natural selection because they show that
- genetic variation is preserved between generations
- populations of organisms can evolve because they have
- genetic variability
- in hardy weinberg, q refers to
- allele frequency of one allele in population
- form of nonrandom mating in which individuals select mates with a similar phenotype to themselves
- positive assortative mating
- form of nonrandom mating in which individuals select mates with a dissimilar phenotype to selves
- negative assortative mating
- when an event wipes out part of a population and may change gene frequencies
- bottleneck effect
- several different combinations of nucleotides may code for the same amino acid
- degenerate
- a population is founded by a handful of individuals
- founder effect
- mating between closely related individuals
- inbreeding
- evolution on a large scale
- macroevolution
- ex. emergence of entire new groups
- macroevolution
- evolution on a small scale
- microevolution
- ex. change in allele and genotype frequencies
- microevolution
- sudden random change in the genetic material of a cell
- mutation
- male and female gametes derived from same individual
- self fertilization
- random flucuations of allele and genotype frequencies
- genetic drift
- works to maintain a dynamic state of balance between advantageous and disadvantageous alleles
- balancing selection
- favors individuals at one end of phenotypic range
- directional selection
- favors individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range
- diversifying selection
- reproductive success
- fitness
- how populations adapt to their environment
- natural selection
- vary continuously from one extreme to the other
- quantitative characters
- differences in the secondary sex characteristics
- sexual dimorphism
- selection of a mate based on a specific heritable trait
- sexual selection
- favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
- stabilizing selection
- insures that a given tRNA picks up only its particular amino acid
- aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
- sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a sequence of bases in the mRNA strand
- anticodon
- sequence of bases
- codon
- adds nucleotides to the unwound parent molecule
- DNA polymerase
- describes how genes can be turned on to synthesize a needed protein or off to stop synthesis of a protein that is no longer needed
- gene regulation
- unwinds the DNA helix
- helicase
- discontinuous mode of replication exhibited here
- lagging strand
- smooth continuous process of replication here
- leading strand
- seals fragments into a continuous strand of dna
- ligase
- single strand of complimentary rna
- mRNA
- provides template that will be used for ordering the correct sequence of amino acids
- mRNA
- short stretches of dna
- okazaki fragments
- where replication begins
- origin of replication
- composed of a team of enzyme proteins that are involved in dna replication
- origin of replication
- initiates replication
- primase
- sequence of dna that signals the begining of RNA synthesis
- promoter
- binds to the stop codon to liberate the newly synthesized polypeptide
- release factor protein
- where dna is unwinding
- replication fork
- seperates DNA strands and joins the RNA nucleotides along the exposed DNA template
- RNA polymerase
- combines with proteins to form ribosomes
- rRNA
- cellular structures where polypeptides form, consist of large and small subunits
- ribosome
- each newly formed molecule of DNA has one strand of old dna and one strand of new dna
- semiconservative replication
- keep strands seperate while primases initiate replication
- single-strand binding proteins
- strand of DNA that is copied
- template strand
- signals end of RNA synthesis
- terminator sequence
- transciption occurs where
- nucleus
- three stages of transcription
- initiation, elongation, and termination
- first phase of protein synthesis
- transcription
- proteins that bind to starting points to initiate transcription
- transcription factors
- final phase of protein synthesis
- translation
- translation occurs where
- cytoplasm
- in this, information contained in rna transcript is translated into a protein
- translation
- transports amino acids to the growing peptide chain
- tRNA
- has an amino acid attachment site for a particular amino acid and an anticodon
- tRNA
- biological species concept
- can interbreed, produce fertile offspring
- morphological species concept
- look similar
- evolutionary species concept
- related in common ancestor
- geographically isolated
- allopatric speciation
- same space, ranges overlap
- sympatric speciation
- mate at different times of day
- temporal isolation
- have different behaviors
- behavioral isolation
- ranges sort of overlap, but not enough
- ecological
- disproportionate growth
- allometric growth
- timing of events
- heterochrony
- control placement of body parts
- heterochrony
- improper placement of body parts
- homeosis
- positioning of facial features
- hox gene
- 5 parts of hardy weinberg
- mating random, no mutations, pop large, no nat selection, no migrations
- only way you can eliminate an allele
- genetic drift