UCO Nsg 2113 Development Through the Lifespan - Overview & Infant - Test 1
Terms
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- Piaget intellectual development of infant sensorimotor stage
- infant first displays intelligence & solves problems using senses & motor activities
- infant trust involves
- confidence & optimism
- equilibration
- self-regulative balance; a series of active compensations by an individual in response to external disturbances
- 9 - 12 mo old's nutrition
- chopped table food; junior food
- centering
- focusing on the most compelling feature of what one sees, while excluding all other aspects
- Freud
- considered to be responsible for the first theory of personality
- Kohlberg
- poorly designed research; 3 stages of development
- cognitive
- domain of growth, development, & maturation; perception, memory, learning, thinking, organizing, creativity
- Kohlberg stage 12 yrs & beyond
- post conventional
- 12 mo
- has 6 teeth; head circ = chest circ
- cephalocaudal
- head to toe directional process of development; head to tail direction of growth
- preoperational
- stage where magical thinking predominates
- regression
- usually from traumatic event or stress
- infant motor activities
- reaching, grasping, crawing, walking, running
- three months
- time at which infant holds first rattle well
- affective
- domain of growth, development & maturation; emotions, feelings, values, internal responses to events, motivations
- conventional
- second level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development
- toys birth to 6 mo
- bright mobiles, musical toys, rattles, mirrors, auditory stimulation (talking & singing)
- landau (airplane) reflex disappears
- starts disappearing at 6 mo, disappears 12 - 14 mo
- leading causes of accidents in infants
- small objects, nuts, hotdogs, popcorn, balloons, plastic bags, baby powder
- Freud infant psychosexual oral sensory failure
- insecurity, hostility, mistrust
- aspiration
- most common accident during the first twelve months
- Erikson - middle adult
- generativity vs stagnation; production & care
- Kohlberg stage 7 - 12 yr old
- conventional
- cry at 1 mo
- displeasure / discomfort
- 12 mo development
- says 2+ words (+ dada & mama), walks holding on, stoops & recovers
- ten months
- time at which an infant is able to say "mama" & "dada" with meaning
- hyperplasia
- type of early growth, especially during the fetal period & early infancy; increase in cell number; common in cancer
- Kohlberg stage 2 - 7 yr old
- preconventional
- Erikson - adolescence
- identity vs role confusion; devotion & fidelity
- infant trust reliance on
- self & others
- object permanence 6 mo
- brief search; have to have touched & see you hide object
- bottle feeding guidelines
- never prop bottle, never let take to bed, don't add other foods to bottle
- Piaget concrete operations
- 7 years to 11 years
- anticipatory guidance concerning
- toys, nutrition, immunizations, stimulation, consistency (needs), spoiling, day care, safety / car seats, sleeping with parents
- three stages
- number of stages in Kohlberg's moral thinking & jugement theory of development
- birth to 6 mo weight changes
- 5 - 7 oz/week
- 6 mo development
- has head control, begins sound imitation, recognizes parents, stranger anxiety begins
- object permanence complete
- 1 1/2 years
- cumulation
- the carrying of experience from past into present; experiences may result in stabilizing the system or changing the system
- Piaget formal operational
- 12 years to 15+ years
- senses
- infant displays intelligence in the use of his __________
- 7 mo nutrition
- chews & bites
- walking
- push-pull toys encourage this
- animism
- attributing life to inanimate objects
- egocentrism
- idea that the child views the world subjectively
- John Bowlby
- studied orphanages after WWII. Children were dying; minimal physical contact. When given close contact children started thriving. Even premies understand mother's scent.
- second stage
- Kohlberg's stage of moral development whre persons incorporate injustice, pain, and death as integral part of existence
- Erikson - young adult
- intimacy vs isolation; affiliation & love
- eighth week
- time at which the posterior fontanel closes
- 6 - 7 mo old's nutrition
- finger foods
- mistrust produces
- pessimism, less self-confidence, suspicion, bitterness, antagonism
- 5 mo development
- Palmar grasp (entire hand), turns abd to back, sits with support, vocalizes displeasure
- inappropriate decisions
- spoiling comes from adult's _____ _______ for infant; holding does not spoil
- Piaget
- cognitive assimilation & accomodation. Took concepts from GI & applied to cognitive
- trust
- Erikson's developmental task for infancy
- 4 mo
- age of drooling
- planter grasp reflex disappears
- 9 mo
- accomodation
- transformation of organism's structure in response to stimuli - adapt behavior to environment; the establishment of a new schema or the modification of an old schema; results in a change in, reorganization of, or development of cognitive process; the cognitive process by which the person integrates new perceptual matter or stimulus events into existing schemata or patterns of behavior
- cow's milk
- common allergen for infants
- onomatopoeia
- words that sound like the noises they make
- Freud 1856 - 1939
- did not study children but had 1st child theories; evaluated 8 psycho women
- eight stages
- number of stages or crises in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
- physical maturation
- when growth ends or is complete
- Erikson unmet needs of care or absence of bonding
- may cause insecurity, mistrust, withdrawal
- schemata
- cognitive structure
- Erikson trust development outcomes
- trust produces optimism, mistrust produces insecurity
- qualitative development
- refinement in changes; increase in skill, complexity, functioning
- regression interventions
- permit regression in order to cope (pt going back to where more comfortable), don't push development, ID stressors, ID stress reduction
- object permanence
- idea that objects continue to exist even though temporarily out of sight
- infant trust vs mistrust task completion
- physical comfort (needs met), consistancy of care & needs; caretaker bonding, limited number relationship quality
- proximodistal
- inner to outer directional process of development; central to peripheral direction of growth
- induction
- type of reasoning which proceeds from the particular to the general
- sensorimotor
- stage in which the child solves problems using his sensory systems and motor activity.
- Babinski reflex
- positive (abnormal) until start walking; disappears 12 - 18 mo
- development
- qualitative changes in skill & capacity to function; the refinement, improvement, or expansion of a component or skill
- 12 mo
- time at which an infant triples his birthweight
- Erikson trust development indicators
- ease of feeding, depth of sleep, relaxation of bowels, overall contentment
- conception to birth
- head grows fastest now
- dream analysis
- two basic methods Freud utilized for acquiring data were free association & _______________ _______________
- reflexes at birth
- sucking, rooting, swallowing
- peek-a-boo
- game that assists the development of object permanance; appropriate play activity for a 7-month old
- Freud infant psychosexual oral sensory pleasure
- mouth
- fears
- falling, loud noises, separation & pain
- birth to 6 mo height changes
- 1 in / mo
- maturation
- the emergence of the genetic potential that an individual possesses; process of achieving full or optimal development of a component or skill; requires complete physical growth & is not a particular point in life
- fifth month
- average best time for solid food to be introduced into an infant's diet
- cry at 2 mo
- differentiated sounds
- Erikson - older adult
- ego integrity vs despair; renunciation & wisdom
- two teeth
- number that an average 8 month old infant has
- infant nutrition supplements
- fluoride (if not in water supply), iron, vit D
- domains - Piaget
- biophysical, cognitive, affective, social
- hypertrophic
- increase in cell size
- prenatal, infancy, adolescence
- rapid growth periods
- tongue extrusion reflex disappears
- 4 - 5 mo
- 4 mo development
- balances head when in sitting position, plays with hands, laughs aloud, consonant sounds (happens before vowels), demands attention, smiles at image
- Piaget preoperational
- 2 years to 7 years
- infant accidents
- aspiration (#1), falls, suffocation, drowning, burns, poisoning, MVA
- motor activities
- infant displays intelligence in his_______ __________
- energy is required
- for growth & development & stress
- sequence of introducing new foods
- vegetables...fruit...meat
- hope
- basic virtue for infancy
- Freud infant psychosexual oral sensory success
- optimism, security
- birth to 1 year
- infant
- Piaget cognitive behaviors
- thinking / perceiving, remembering, forming concepts, making judgments, making generalizations, abstracting (creativity important - get a hobby)
- learning
- the process of gaining specific knowledge or skills as the result of experience, training & behavioral changes; promoted by practice
- Piaget abstracting concepts
- assimilation vs accommodation, thought physical manipulation, actions + perceptions, object permanence, some relationships, experimentation (ie game round ring in square hole)
- 7 - 9 mo development
- transfers objects, crude pincer grasp (thumb to palm or little finger), pulls to sitting, sits unsupported, pulls to standing, stands holding on, cann't stoop to recover anything
- wheat & eggs
- common allergens for infants
- no honey for infants
- botulism possibility; made of pollen from a lot of plants so may be allergen
- 4 mo reflex
- extrusion reflex disappears
- assimilation
- to take in & fit new knowledge, skills, ideas and insights into existing cognitive structures
- secondary
- circular reactions of 6 mo old (Piaget)
- social
- domain of growth, development & maturation; refers to relationships with others, affilations, external responses to events, & enculturation
- Erikson - toddler
- autonomy vs shame & doubt; self-control & willpower
- infant play
- solitary games; peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake
- 1 mo reflex
- strong extrusion
- growth
- quantitaive or precisely measurable change; change in structure or size; addition of new components or cells
- Palmar grasp (don't let go) reflex disappears
- 5 - 6 mo
- object permanence 9 mo
- object search; have to see object but touch is not necessary
- 3 mo development
- recognizes faces, objects; holds rattle; squeals (pleasure); coos, babbles, chuckles
- psychosocial
- type of human development which Erikson's theory addresses
- Sullivan's radius of significant relationships
- maternal person - not always mother or parents; it is the caregiver; especially important to learn to bond with so can learn to separate
- preconventional
- first level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development
- 11th month
- average time at which infant stands alone well
- 18 months
- time at which the anterior fontanel closes
- having children takes sacrifice
- make sure you know why you are having children
- infant trust in
- self & environment
- infant psychosocial development Erikson mistrust
- sense of not feeling satisfied either emotionally or physically
- anxiety
- fundamental to the development of neurotic & psychotic behavior - according to Freud
- legs grow fastest now
- 1 yr to adolescence
- Erikson - preschooler
- initiative vs guilt; direction & purpose
- Piaget sensorimotor
- birth to 2 years
- object permanence 12 mo
- object search after verbal information
- conservation
- idea that liquids & solids can be transformed in shape without changing volume or mass
- rice cereal with 7-up
- good for use when pt has diarrhea
- DDST
- Denver Developmental Screening Tool
- 6 months
- month at which an infant doubles his birthweight; month at which most infants begin to fear strangers
- birth head circ
- 2 - 3 cm > chest
- final at 1 1/2 yr old
- object permanence
- Piaget 1896 - 1980
- cognitive theorist; 4 stages of development
- infant fears
- loud noises, falling (startle / moro reflex)
- continuous, orderly, progressive
- infant growth & development predictable patterns
- 5 mo old's nutrition
- strained, pureed, mashed
- Erikson infant psychosocial development basic virtues
- drive & hope (expectation that environment & resources can provide)
- tonic neck ("fencing") reflex disappears
- 4 - 5 mo
- spacing for introducing new foods
- 4 - 7 days (to check for allergies & develop a like for this item)
- Erikson infant psychosocial development task
- trust vs mistrust
- critical period influences
- socio-cultural factors, neurological factors, psychological factors
- deductive
- type of reasoning which proceeds from the general to the particular
- identity crisis
- Erikson coined the term _________________
- 10 mo development
- indicates wants by pointing, says dada & mama with meaning, comprehends bye-bye, neat pincer grasp (index to thumb)
- food
- substance which should be introduced one at a time, at intervals of 4 - 7 days
- Erikson - infant
- trust vs mistrust; drive & hope
- toys 6 - 12 mo
- large balls, squeaky toys, water toys, push-pull toys
- emergence
- new appearance of some behaviors or characteristics
- developmental patterns
- simple to complex, general to specific, cephalocaudal, proximodistal
- earliest developmental periods
- prenatal, neonatal (birth to 1 mo), infant
- infant trust cornerstone
- of a healthy personality; like a foundation of building; is essential
- weight at 12 mo
- triple birth weight
- Kohlberg
- theorist who postulated a theory of moral development (moral thinking & judgement)
- mistrust
- development of pessimism, lack of self-confidence, suspicion, bitterness & antagonism
- 12 mo nutrition
- drinks from cup; "uses" spoon (turns spoon as places in mouth)
- two months
- time at which a social smile develops
- 1 1/2 yr old
- anterior fontanel closes
- oral
- Freud's first developmental stage
- solitary
- type of infant play
- transductive
- type of reasoning which proceeds from the particular to the particular
- Erikson 1902 - 1992
- studied Indian population & many varieties in background & research; 8 stages of development
- ludic symbolism
- when objects become what the child wishes them to be mentally
- concrete operations
- period in which the child understands cause and effect is called........
- selection
- multiphasic point at which time a choice must be made as to directional process of development
- 6 mo
- teething begins
- 6 mo
- time when stranger anxiety sets in
- infant trust minimum
- fear & uncertainty
- high protein foods such as egg whites
- food group most likely to produce allergic reaction
- most common during 1st year
- aspirations
- realism
- the association of things without logical connections; everything is credible
- symbolization
- development of symbolic activity
- Piaget development type
- intellectual = cognitive
- 11 mo development
- uses jargon, stands alone
- hypertrophic
- type of growth which replaces hyperplastic growth; increases cell size
- infant trust maxium
- physical comfort
- fluoride
- supplement needed with breast fed babies in later infancy
- predictable
- developmental sequence is generally considered to be _________________. The sequence of developmental milestones
- mechanization
- ritualization of behavior; formation of habit which saves time & is mechanical
- cognition
- operation of the mind process; includes all aspects of thinking, perceiving and remembering
- Erikson - school-age
- industry vs inferiority; method & competence
- 12 mo height changes
- 1 1/2 x birth height
- balloons
- nonfood item causing most choking deaths in young children
- equilibration
- process of bringing assimilation & accommodation into balanced combination
- Erikson development type
- psychosocial
- sugar & salt
- infant does not need in food
- special needs & problems of infants
- cradle cap, malabsorption syndrome, lactose intolerance, colic, diaper rash, otitis media
- twenty pounds
- weight an infant should be to discontinue the rear facing position of a car seat
- critical period
- times when the individual is biophysically programmed to receive & utilize stimuli for development; timing (age related) and stimulation dependent
- 1st mo
- neonatal period
- pincer
- grasp which best describes the fine motor skills of a 5 mo old
- immanent justice
- the idea that events occur as punishment
- Piaget
- theorist who focuses on cognitive or intellectual development
- eighth month
- time at which most infants sit steadily when unsupported
- infant developmental tasks
- physiological equilibrium, dependent but separate, awareness (alive vs inanimate, familiar vs unfamiliar, social interaction), affection, adjust to expectations, understand/control world; develop symbol system, conceptual abilities, communication
- biophysical
- domain of growth, development & maturation; genetics, physiological processes, biological functioning, health maintenance, safety
- moro / startle reflex disappears
- 4 mo
- extrusion
- reflex which assists infant with sucking and helps prevent ingestion of food pieces
- infant Freud psychosexual stage
- oral sensory, "id" all about me, emphasis oral-sensory stimulation ie how they explore, learn
- infant trust important with
- maternal relationship
- popcorn, hot dogs
- foods that are a danger for aspiration
- postconventional
- Kohlberg's third level of moral-spiritual development for the young adult
- infant psychosocial needs
- feeding, affection, sensory, comfort, warmth, sucking
- instinct
- the representation in the mind's energy - according to Freud
- provides security
- routines are essential
- 6 mo to 12 mo height changes
- 1/2 in / mo
- activation
- characteristic of development in which the basic __________ state is maintained by internal & external stimulation which changes energy into specific
- weight at 6 mo
- double birth weight
- sensorimotor
- Piaget's cognitive stage during infancy
- infant anxiety
- felt as discomfort; feel like world closing in, jittery, sweat, scared
- 2 mo
- posterior fontanel closes
- first stage
- Kohlberg's stage of moral development where person adheres to the legal viewpoint of society