Emotional & Personality Developement
Terms
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- Define Emotion
- Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to them; involves PSYCHOLOGICAL AROUSAL, CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE, BEHAVIORAL EXPRESSION
- Define Regulation
- Infants gradually develop the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reaction...THIS IS TAUGHT
- Types of crying
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Most important mechanism for communication
Basic cry
Anger cry
Pain cry - Types Smiling
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1-Reflexive smile, does not occur in response to external stimuli (appears in 1st mo)
2-Social smile occurs in response to an exteranl stimulus (appears 2-3 mos) - Stanger anxiety
- Fear in presence of stranger (gradually appears between 6-12 mos, peaks at about 9 mo.)
- Seperation anxiety
- Peaks between 13-15 mos. in US children
- Social Referencing
- Infant reads emotional "cues" from mom at about 2 yrs old
- Emotional Regulation and coping
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Crying and anger often require regulation
(from infancy, by 2 they can verbalize)
NEED TO MANAGE IN ORDER TO ADAPT AND REACH A GOAL:
Self-Soothing stragtegies
Distraction
Language -
Temperament
3 basic types
classification by Chess and Thomas -
1-easy child: 40% of infants
2-Difficult chld: 10%
3-Slow to warm up child: 15% -
Temperament
6 types
Kagan's behavioral inhibition -
shy
subdued
timid
sociable
extraverted
bold
shyness regarded as "slow to ward up child" -
Kagan's behavioral inhibition
classification -
1-extremely inhibited,
2-extemely uninhibited and
3-intermediate groups - Rothbart and Batess 3 Classification
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1-Positive Affect and approach
2-Negative Affectivity
3-Effortful contol(self-regulation) -
Rothbart and Batess Classification, Define
Positive Affect and approach - Kagan's uninhibited children fit this category
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Rothbart and Batess Classification, Define
Negative Affectivity - Kagan's inhibited children fit this catergory. This kids are easily distressed, they may fret and cry often
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Rothbart and Batess Classification, Define
Effortful contol(self-regulation) -
-Infants with high effortful control show ability to keep their arousal from getting too high, they have strategies for soothing
-Infants w/low effortful control are often unable to control their arousal level; they're easier to be agitated, intensely emotional - Personality Development
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Trust: infants LEARN to trust when care for in a warm environment
Developing self: By end of 2 yrs old, kids recognize self. Self is not taught or given..it is found and constructed
Independence-by 2, autonomy builds as children master motor and mental abilities developed -
Theories of Attachment
4 phases based on Bowlby's -
phase 1 (birth to 2 mo): all humans
phase 2 (2-7 mos): focus on one human usually caregiver
phase 3 (7-24 mos): Specific attachment forms, baby actively seeks contact w/caregiver
phase 4 (24 mos and on):Goal directed partnerships are formed. Awereness of others feelings, goals, plans are taken into acct in forming actions. - Strange Situation variations in attachment (Mary Ainsworth)
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-Secure attachement
-insecure avoidant babies
-Insecure resistant babies
-insecure disorganized babies - Reciprocal socialization
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socialization that is bi-directional.
each person's behavior depends on partners previous behavior
ORactions of the partners are matched, as when one imitates the other
Mutual regulation and scaffolding are important aspects or RS - Scaffolding
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a form of RS, BUT parent has the control.
Infant experiences turn-taking w/parent
Parent behavior is one where they support childs efforts allowing them to be MORE skillful than before. These children usually are more likely to turn-taking w/peers