bacteriology 2

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what form does Aspergillus take in a culture?: Mycelial
A ______ is a spore resulting from fragmentation of a hypha at the septum.: arthrospore
A ______ is an asexual spore usually produced at the tip or side of a hypha.: Conidium
In culture, _______ usually produces rough-walled multicellular macroconidia.: Microsporum
a comples of hyphal strands, branched, and any associated spore-bearing structures is called what?: mycelium
What are dermatopytids caused by?: Hypersensitivity reactions caused by dermatophytes
What form of dermatophyte would you obtain from sampling a dermatophytid lesion?: None, lesions do not contain the organism
What two forms of Aspergillus will be found in an infected individual?: conidia and hyphae
What fungal infection are birds highly susceptible to? It is often fatal.: Aspergillosis
What genus of fungi produce aflatoxins?: Aspergillus
What are the virulence factors of C. albicans?: organotropism

adhesions

extracellular protienases

lipase/phospholipases
Infections of mucous membranes by C. albicans is called what?: thrush
Name the three species of fungi that grow in the hyphal form at 25C and as a yeast in vivo?: Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidoides
What fungi has a polysaccharide capsule, is inhibited by cyclohexamide, and requires a temp of less than 40C to grow abundantly?: Cryptococcus neoformans
Is cryptococcus saprophytic or parasitic?: Saprophytic
What state of C. neoformans is most likely to grow in the soil?: sexual, hyphal state
Why does C. neoformans like to hang out in nervous tissue so much?: It has a great ability to metabolize nitrogen containing substances of low MW which are abundant in the CNS
is C. neoformans foound intracellular or extracellular?: both
Which gender is more likely to get Blastomycosis?: ladies
Name two drugs that are effective against B. dermitidis in the yeast form.: chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide
In dogs with this disease, the lungs are most frequently infected and may become dotted with milliary lesions. What is the disease?: Blastomycosis
You have a clininc in Virginia, an owner brings his dog to you and he presents with obvious arthritic lameness and shortness of breath with a severe cough. He lives at an address which is very near to a local river. What fungal disease might this dog hav: Blastomycosis
What fungal species likes to kick it in the desert?: Coccidoides
Waht form does Coccidoides take in the environment?: mycelial
Waht three forms of Coccidoides life cycle can be found in the body of an infected individual?: arthroconidia
spherules
endospores
T/F Chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide inhibit Coccidoides growth.: false
T/F Griseofulvin is effective against most fungi.: False
This drug inhibits the growth of dermatophytes by disrupting mitotic spindle structure so normal mitosis cannot proceed.: Griseofulvin
these broad-spectrum anti-fungals bind ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane.: polyenes
are polyenes used to treat superficial or deep-seated mycoses?: Deep-seated
A dog with a chronic deep-seated fungal infection comes to your clinic in renal failure. What might you suspect this dog's infection has been treated with, just given these few facts?: Amphotericin B it is nephrotoxic
How does Flucytosine act as an anti-fungal agent?: It disrupts both DNA and RNA synthesis
What are the largest class of anti-fungals in clinical use today?: Azoles
cephalosporins are resistant to beta lactamases produced by _______, but are not resistant to those produced by some ______________.: staphylococci
gram negative rods
What is the main example of a glycopeptide?: Vancomycin
Which beta lactam interferes with cell wall growth by binding D-ala-D-ala.: vancomycin
what drug blocks alanine-alanine synthesis and what is it used in the treatment of?: Cycloserine
TB
What drug inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in bacterial cell wall synthesis? What condition is this drug used to treat?: Phosphomycin
UTI
What drug blocks phosphatase activity which inhibits cell wall synthesis? Is this drug given systemically or topically?: Bacitracin
Topically, it is toxic if given systemically.
Quinolones and Rifampin fall into what broad category of antibiotics?: Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors.
What 2 protein synthesis inhibitors bind to the 30S ribosomal subunits and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?: Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Name two antibiotics that interfere with folic acid synthesis in bacteria?: Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
What does the antibiotic triclosan interfere with?: fatty acid biosynthesis
What are three factors that effect environmentally mediated resistance?: pH
cation concentration
preence of certian metabolites
Vancomycin is ineffective against_______ bacteria.: gram negative
what bacteria is ampicillin useless against?: Klebsiella
Cephalosporins are as useless as a screen door on a battleship against what bacteria?: Entercocci
What kind of resistance is the main reason for susceptibility testing?: Aquired resistance
Give three examples of general resistance mechanisms of bacteria.: Degredation or modification of antimicrobial agent

decreased uptake

altered antimicrobial target
Waht are the two braod types of susceptibility tests?: diffusion and dillution
what does MIC stand for.: Minimum inhibitory concentration
This type of test uses filter paper discs with antibiotics and agar plates and is measured as either Sensitive, Intermediate, or resistant. What test is this?: Diffusion test
T/F Dillution tests and diffusion tests can be used to measure MBC ( minimal bactericidal concentration)?: False, only dilution test.
What are the three mechanisms for tranferring genes from one bacterium to another?: conjugation, transduction and transformation
T/F micoplasmas are uniformly fram-negative?: true
what are the three genera of dermatophytes?: microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton
what fungus have hyphae that tend to nvade blood vessel walls producing inflammation and obstruction?: aspergillis
what fungus has broad-based budding?: B.dermititidis
what two stages of Blastomyces are found in the body?: conidia and blastospores
this disease is characterized by digestive disturbance, enlarged abdomen, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy and ascites. The dog is the most commonly affected domestic animal.: Histoplasmosis
which fungus has keg shaped arthroconidia?: coccidoides
what are 2 polyenes used to treat fungal infections of the eye?: Nystatin Natamycin
what two fungi are inhibited by flucytosine?: Candida and Crypto
What drug is used to treat fungal meningitis?: flucytosine
What azole is used in treating fungal meningitis?: fluconazole
What antifungal angents inhibit chitin synthesis?: Nikkomycins
What protein synthesis inhibitor causes alterations in gut microflora usually leading to diarrhea?: tetracyclines
What are five examples of aminoglycosides?: Amikacin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Neomycin
Streptomycin

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