Canine Anatomy
Terms
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Epidermis -
Stratified squamous epithelium, a many-celled tissue with horny, flat, overlapping surface cells. -
Dermis -
Dense, fibrous (collagenous) connective tissue under the epidermis. -
Hypodermis -
Attaches the dermis to underlying structures and protects skin from excessive pressure. -
Ossifies -
Changes to bone -
Fibrous Joints -
(1) Immovable
(2) United by fibrous tissue
(3) Ossify with age -
Cartiloginous Joints -
(1) Limited movement
(2) Midline -
Synovial Joints -
Movable joints -
Parts of a typical synovial joint -
(1) Articular cartilages
(2) Synovial membrane
(3) Fibrous joint capsule
(4) Collateral ligaments -
Interosseous ligament of the antebrachium -
Ligament between the radius and the ulna -
Septa -
Partitions of fascia found in between muscles. -
3 Subcutaneous Muscles -
(1) Platysma muscle
(2) Sphincter muscles of the neck
(3) Cutaneous muscle of the trunk (m. cutaneous trunci)
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Cutaneous -
Relating to the skin. -
Three basic types of joints -
(1) Fibrous
(2) Cartilaginous
(3) -
3 Basic Types of Joints -
(1) Fibrous
(2) Cartilaginous
(3) Synovial -
5 Vertebral Regions -
(1) Cervical
(2) Thoracic
(3) Lumbar
(4) Sacral
(5) Caudal (coccygeal) -
Why is the brachial plexus important? -
Because nerves supplying the forelimb muscles and sensation to the forelimb originate here. -
How do veins differ from arteries? -
(1) Contain a larger volume of blood
(2) Have thinner walls
(3) Usually have valves
The cusps of valves direct blood to the heart. -
3 Types of Muscle -
(1) Skeletal
(2) Cardiac (heart)
(3) Smooth -
Which muscles are striated?
(Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac) -
Skeletal and Cardiac -
Which muscles are involuntary?
(Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth) -
Cardiac & Smooth -
Name 5 muscle functions. -
(1) Locomotion
(2) Breathing
(3) Circulation
(4) Digestion
(5) Reproduction
(6) Barking
(7) Hair raising
(8) Wagging
(9) Facial Expression -
Supination -
Rotation of the forearm so that the surface of the paw is directed medially. -
Flexion -
Drawing two members of a joint together. -
Extension -
Drawing two members of a joint way from each other. -
Hypoglossal nerve -
Supplies the motor function to the tongue. -
Vagosympathetic Nerve Trunk -
Carries autonomic nerve fibers to and from the head. -
Tendon -
A fibrous, strong tissue that connects muscle to the bone. -
Ligament -
A fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages for strength and support of joints. -
Palpation -
Feeling from the exterior or through an organ that opens to the exterior
(Example: The rectum) -
Percussion -
Striking short, sharp blows on a region and listening for sounds obtained from underlying organs. -
Cardiovascular -
Of or pertaining to or involving the heart and blood vessels -
Capillaries -
The smallest blood vessels. -
Red Bone Marrow -
Bone marrow required for the development of red blood cells.
Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. -
Yellow Bone Marrow -
Bone marrow that is yellow with fat. -
Tonsil -
A small mass of lymphoid tissue under the mucous membrane. -
What is the purpose of a Lymph Node? -
To remove foreign particles, bacteria, and cancer cells from the lymph. -
What is the purpose of the thymus? -
It produces white blood cells called T-cell lymphocytes, which populate the spleen and lymph nodes.
Involved in the immune system. -
What is the purpose of the spleen? -
To move stored blood into the circulation.
(As part of the immune system, it gets rid of old red blood cells and helps to fight off infections to the body.) -
Functions of the Larynx -
(1) Regulates the volume of air passing through in inspiration and expiration.
(2) Prevents foreign material from entering the trachea through partial closure by the epiglottis and constriction of the glottis.
(3) Phonation (vocalization) - barking, baying, growling and whining caused by variations in air flow, vibrations of vocal folds and air in laryngeal ventricles. -
The trachea extends from where to where? -
From the cricoid cartilage through the neck into the mediastinum to the bifurcation (fork) dorsal to the base of the heart. -
Function of the kidneys -
Regulates the normal levels of substances in the blood such as water, inorganic salts and glucose (blood sugar). -
Purpose of adrenal glands -
Produces hormones that regulate blood pressure. -
What are kidney (or bladder) stones made of? -
Abnormal concretions of inorganic salts. -
Two functions of the Urinary Bladder -
(1) Expands to contain the urine that is continuously passed to it through the ureters from the kidneys.
(2) Voids urine. -
Function of the Pituitary Gland -
An endocrine gland that:
(1) Stimulates other endocrine glands
(2) Promotes growth
(3) Controls the water balance of the body -
3 large parts of the Brain -
(1) Cerebrum
(2) Brain Stem
(3) Cerebellum -
What does the brain stem connect? -
Connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum and the spinal cord. -
What joins to form the spinal nerve? -
A sensory dorsal root (with its spinal ganglion) and a motor ventral root -
What are meninges?
(Singular: Meninx) -
Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. -
Function of the Thyroid -
To produce hormones that help the body:
(1) Make energy
(2) Keep body temperature regulated
(3) Assist other organs in their function. -
Function of the Pancreas -
Produces digestive enzymes and hormones (including insulin).