Biology diseases
Terms
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- Infectious Diseases
- Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can be passed from human to human or by some environmental element.
- Communicable
- Contagious!! Passed from human to human.
- Non-comunicable
- Not passed from human to human. (I.E. Diabetes, heart disease, cancer etc)
- Bacterial Shapes
-
Bacillus (Bacilli-plural)-Rod shaped
Coccus (Cocci)- sphere shaped
Spirilla- spiral shaped
Spirochetes- corkscrew shaped
Vibrious- comma shaped - Binary Fission
- Process by which bacteria reproduce( splitting in half. eeewww)
- Endospores
-
Bacterial Eggs (Eeeewwww!!)
Tough exterior
resists desication (drying up, acids, teemps.)
Can last several thousand years. - Toxins
- Some can be released while bacteria is alive, others, only after they die. Bad for a person.
- Protozans
-
Single celled Eukaryotic microorganism.
Larger than bacteria and have a more complex internal structure. - Amoeboids
- Gelatinous blob that moves by cell membranes called pseudopoda-"sort of feet"
- Flagellates
- Move with whip like appendage
- Ciliates
- Move by short hair
- Sporozoans
- Not mobile. Ex. Plasmodium- causes Malaria.
- Reservoirs
-
Source of pathogen
Potential source of disease
(Ex. Raccoons are resevoirs for rabies.) - Vectors
-
Animal that transmits pathogenic microorganism to humans.
(Ex. Ticks, mites, lice, mosquitoes) - Outbreak
-
Large # of cases of disease in a limited area and it eventually subsides.
(Ex. Meningitus) - Epidemic
- Large # of cases of disease in a larger area. (Ex. Flu)
- Pandemic
-
When an epidemic spreads to several large areas worldwide.
(Ex. Small pox, measles) - Endemic
-
Disease occurs at low #s naturally at all times in a populations.
(Ex. Strep, rabies) - Neoplasm
- Mass of new cells that grow in a haphazard fashion with no control and NO Useful Functioning!
- Malignant
- Tends to spread and can possible cause death. (Metastisizc)
- Benign
- Non-cancerous
- Causes of cancer
-
Environmental factors
Chemicals (Ex. benzene, xylene, arsnic)
Possible causes: PCB's, DDT, Formaldehyde, Ionizing radiation. - Carcinogens
- Environmental factors that increase the probablity of developing cancer.
- DNA
-
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Building blocks of humans, a "blue print" for protein synthesis. - Chromesomes
- Subunit of DNA
- Genotype
- Genetic coding for traits
- Phenotype
- Physical manifestations of genetic coding
- Heterozygous
-
Alleles are different.
The Dominant is still expressed if carried.
(Ex. Aa) - Homozygous
-
Alleles are the same.
Recessive traits must be homozygous to be expressed.
(Ex. aa) - Dominant Genetic Defects
-
Dominant Gene is expressed
(Ex. Galactsemic- person lacks enzyme to convert galactose into gluclose) - Recessive Genetic defects
- Both genes must be carried in order for defect to be expressed.
- Sex linked Genetic Defects
-
Mostly affect men.
not on Y chromesome, but on X Chromesome.
(Ex. color blindness, balding, hemophilia.) - Familial diseases
-
Diseases that appear in families, but the inheritance is not well undrestood.
(Ex. Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, addictions etc) - Turner's Syndrome
-
(45 Chromesomes, appear to be XO)
Appear to be female, but ovaries don't develop and therefore, individuals are sterile. - Kleinfelter's Syndrome
- (47 Chromesomes) Extra chromesome is on sex chromesomes. Usually appear to be XXY. Appear to be male, but testes dont develop. Lack secondary characteristics of men (Ex. Facial hair, abnormally tall with extremely long legs, mental deficiences, sterile)
- Malnutrition
- Individuals do not recieve enough of certain nutrients including minerals, vitamins, amino acids or ions.
- Effects of Malnutrition
- Neurologic- decrease in cognition, decrease in consciousness, decrease in coordination, numbness and tremors. <br />*Decrease in thyroid hormones and decrease in testosterone (men or estrogen (women)<br />*Develop Dysrythmias, lower heart rate, lower blood pressure and an enlarged heart.
- Vitamin Deficiencies
-
Niacin-leads to Pellagra- lack of meat
*Vitamin C- scurvy- bleeding gums, hemorrhaging- lack of citrus fruits and green veggies
*Vitamin A- tired, night blindness- dairy products, veggies
*Vitamin D- Rickets- Fortified milk and sunlight
*vitamin K-hemorrhaging- made in large intestine. - Mineral Deficiences
-
Iron- Anemia, hemoglobin formation.
*Iodine-goiter-thyroid problems
*Calcium- muscle contraction, bone formation, blood clotting.
*Potassium- nerve activity, heart and muscle functioning
*Sodium-water balance, nerve and muscle activity. - Obesity
- Abnormal amount of fat deposited in adipose (fatty) tissues.
- Causes of Obesity
-
Improper Diet (Ex. too much processed sugar, processed grains, fast food.)
*insufficient exercise
*genetic prediposition - Treatment for Obesity
-
Must be "reprogrammed"
Go to doctor
Amphetamines- increase energy
Regular exercise - Complications of Obesity
-
Atheroscierosis- plaque buildup in arteries
*fat deposits around lungs and heart- make heart work harder, less O2 gets around in body.
*Osteoarthritus
*Type 2 Diabetes
*Decreased liver function - Alcoholism
- DEpendence on alcohol mentally, emotionally, physically. Disrupts relationships, possible neglect of children, threatens job
- Causes of Alcoholism
-
Childhood disturbances
*insecurity
*hostility
*depression - Signs/symtoms of Alcoholism
- Periods of intoxication become more regular and more severe. <br />*Start having "blackouts"<br />*Guilt "I need to quite drinking"<br />*missing work or apps.
- Effects of Alcohol on Digestive system
- Bears brunt on effects. <br />Gastritus- inflamation of stomach lining.<br />*Liver- tissue destruction and scarring.
- Effects of alcohol on nervous system
- Effects depend on amount and time of drinking. <br />Nerve excitability-release from depressive state. (short term)<br />*"Organic Brain Syndrome"-impaired judgement, poor ability to concentrate. <br />*Wenicke's Enceptalopathy-Individual becomes momentarily confused. May experience delusions or amnesia.<br />*myelin deterioration.
- Effects of alcohol on Cardiovascular system
- Can lead to progressive heart failure (heart just quivers)
- Effects of alcohol during pregnancy
- Alcohol can cross placenta. Can lead to mental retardation and other handicapps based on amount and when in development alcohol was taken in.
- Treatments
- AA
- Carcinogenesis (3 stages)
-
Development of cancer
1) Initiation
2) Promotion
3) Progression - Signs and Symptoms of cancer
-
Pain is seldom a sign
*Change in bowel or bladder habits
*A sore that does not heal
*Unusual bleeding or discharge
*Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
*Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
*Obvious change in a wart or mole
*Nagging cough or hoarseness
(CAUTION) - Carcinoma
- Type of cancer (need more)
- Sarcoma
- Type of cancer (need more)
- Benign Tumors
- Neoplams that is benign (non-cancerous)
- Lipoma
- Tumor in fatty tissue
- Myoma
- Tumor in muscle
- Angioma
- Tumor composed of blood vessels
- Nevus
- Mole
- Adenoma
- Benign glandular tumor
- Teratoma
- Benign tumor of the ovary
- Cancer Prevention
- Best defense is self examination and early detection.