Anatomy I Chapter 1

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What is anatomy?: is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relatiohsips to one another
NAME is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another: anatomy
What is physiology?: the study of the function of the body's structual machinery
NAME is how all the different body parts work togehter: physiology
What are the differ types of anatomy? (3): (1)Gross or macroscopic (2) microscopic (3)Devlopment
What is Gross anatomy?: is the study of the large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart, lungs, and kindey
NAME is the study of the large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart, lungs, and kindey: Gross Anatomy
Gross anatomy is also called (1): marcoscopic antomoy
NAME is a person was studying the kidneys, lungs, and heart, what anatomy are they most likely studying?: gross anatomy
Macroscopic anatomy is also called (1) anatomy: gross
What are some of the different types of gross anatomy? (3): (1)regional anatomy (2)systemic anatomy (3)surface anatomy
What is regional atnatomy: is the study of all the structures of in a particular area
NAME is the study of all the structures in a particular area: regional atantomy
What is systemic anatomy?: is the study of the different systems of the body
NAME is the study of the different systems of the body: systemic anatomy
What is surface anatomy?: is the study of the internal structures and how they relate to the skin's surface
NAME is the study of the internal structures and how they relate to the skin's surface: surface anatomy
What is microscopic anatomy?: is the study of structures too small to be seen w the eye
NAME is the study of the structures of that are to small to be seen w the eye: Microscopic anatomy
What is cytology?: is the study of the cells
NAME is the study of the cells: cytology
What is Developmental anatomy?: traces structural changes through life like embrolyogy
NAME studies and traces the structural changes through life like embrolygoy: Developmental anatomy
NAME is the study of the function of the body's structural machinery: physiology
What is Mesenchyme?: is a embyroic tissue
NAME is a embyroic or early on tissue: Mesenchyme
Why is Mesenchyme important?: bc all living things form from this tissue
NAME all living things form from this tissue: Mesenchyme
What are some speacalized branches of anatomy? (3): (1)Pathological (2)Radiographic (3) molecular biology
What is pathological anatomy?: is the study of the structural changes caused by diseases
NAME is the study of the structural changes caused by diseases: pathological anatomy
What is radiographic?: is the study of the internal structures visualized by X ray
NAME is the study of the internal structures visualized by X rays: radiographic
What is molecular biology?: is the study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
NAME is the study of the anatomical structures at a subcellular level: molecular biology
NAME considers the operation of specifc organ systems: Physiology
What are the differ types of physiology?: (1)renal (2)neurophysiology (3)cardiovascular
What is renal physiology?: studies kindey function and urine production
NAME studies kidney function and urine production: renal physiology
What does a sturcures function depend on?: its form
a structures (1) depends on its form: function
What are the four basic types of tissue?: (1)epithelium (2)muscle (3)connective (4)nervous
NAME epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous: types of tissues
What is the heirichy of the different levels of organisms? (5): (1)cellular (2)tissue (3)organs (4)organ system (5)organismal
(1) combine to form molecules: atoms
atoms combine to form (1): molecules
What is a organ?: is a structure composed of at least two tissues
NAME is a structure composed of at least two tisssues: organ
What are moelcules made of?: cells
(1) are made of cells: molecules
NAME LEVEL atoms combine to form molecules: chemical
NAME LEVEL cells are made up of molecules: cellular level
Every organism must mantian its (1): boundries
What is catabolism?: includes the breaking down substances
NAME is the breaking down of substances: catabolism
What is anabolism?: synthesizing of substances
NAME is the synthesizing of substances: anabolism
What are five things all people need to survie? (5): (1)nutrients (2)oxygen (3)water (4)nomrmal body temp (5)atmospheirc pressure
What are the name systems the different types of systems? (11): (1)integumentary (2)skeletal (3)muscualar (4)nervous (5)endocrine (6)cardiovascular (7)lympthatic (8)respiartory system (9)digestive system (10)urinary (11)reproductive
What is the integumentary system? (3): forms the external covering (2)protects deeper tissue from injury (3)synthesizes Vitamin D
What is the skeletal system?: protects and supports body organs (2)provides a framework the muscle use to cause movement (3)stores minerals
NAME forms the external covering, protects deeper tissu from injury, and produces Vitamin D: integumentary system
NAME protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the mulsce to use to cause movement and stores minerals: intergumentary system
NAME allows the manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression: muscular system
What is the muscular system?: allows the maipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
NAME picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lympathic system, and houses white blood cells: Lymphatic system
What is the lymphatic system (3)?: (1)picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood (2)disposes debris in the lympathic system (3) houses white blood cells
NAME keeps blood constantly supplied w oxygen and removes CO2, and the gaseous exchanges ocur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs: Respirartory system
What is the respiratory sytem? (2): (1)keeps blood constantly supplied w oxygen and removes the CO2 (2)the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs
NAME breaks down food into absorbale units that enter the blood for distibution to body cells and indigestible foods are eliminated as feces: Digestive system
What is the nervous system?(2): (1)fast acting control system of the body (2)responds to internal and external by acitivating appropiate muscles and glands
NAME fast acting control system of the body that responds to external and internal changes by activating appropiate muscles and glands: nervous system
What is the endorcine system?: glands that secrete hormones that regulate process such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
NAME are glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells: endorcine system
What is the cardovascular system?: (1) blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste
NAME blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waster: Cardovasular system
What is urinary system?: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body (2)regulates water, eletroyle, and acid-base balance of the blood
NAME eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water, eletroyle, and acid base-base balance of the blood: urinary system
NAME overal all function is the production of offspring: reproductive system
NAME this system includes most of the glands, nails, hoves, and hair: Intergumentrey system
Give some exs of the intergumentrey system? (4): (1)glands (2)nails (3)hoves (4)hair
NAME this system protects deep tissues from injury and synthesisezes Vitamin D: intergumentrey system
The prostate gland produces (1) for men: Vitamins D
(1) (do not give the system) produces Viamin D for men: prostate gland
Why is vitamin D so important for men?: because research has shown the Vatamin D can reduce the risks of prostate cancer
NAME this vitamin can reduce prosate cancer: D
NAME it is called the sun-shine vitamin: D
NAME this vitamin help to absorb calicum in the bones: D
Vitamin D can help (1): absorb calicum in the bones
NAME this system allows manipulation of the environment and mantains pressure: Vitamin D
What are the 11 systems of the body?: (1)lymphatic (2)digestive (3)respiratory (4)reproductive (5)urinary (6)Cardovascular (7)integumentary (8)muscual (9)skeltal (10)nervous (11)endocrine
NAME is composed of the red bone marrow, the lymus, the spleen, lymph nodes, and lympathic system: lympathic system
NAME one ex of this system is the red bone marrow: lympathic system
NAME this system is composed of the kidneys, urters, urinary, bladder, and urtetha: Urinary system
What is Homeostatis?: is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world
NAME is the ability to maintian a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world: homeostatis
T or F the internal environment of the body is a dynamic state of equilibrim: True
How is homeostatis mantained? (3): (1)chemical (2)thermal (3)neural factors
chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain (1): homeostatis
Homeostatis will not work w out (1): hemeostastic control mechananisms
(1) produces a change in the body: variable
What are the three interdependent components of control mechanisms? (3): (1)receptor (2)control center (3)Effector
NAME monitors the environments and responds to changes: receptor
What is a receptor?: monitors the environments and responds to changes
What is negative feedback?: when the output shuts off the orignial stimulus
NAME is when the output shuts off the oringial stiumuls: negative feedback
Give a ex of negative feedback: the regulation of the blood glucose levels
NAME produces thousands of different hormones in the pintinary gland: Hyptothalumus
What is the Hyptothalumus?: produces thousands of different hormones in the pintinary gland
NAME this organ produces a hormone called TSH: pintinary gland
the pintintary gland produces (1): TSH
What is TSH stand for?: Thyroid Stim Hormone
What does the thyriod do?: regulates glucose levels
NAME this organ regulates glucose levels: thyriod
What are two things that the pancreas produces?: (1)insulin (2)glucagon
NAME this organ produces insulin and glucagon: pancreas
NAME this organ has patches of called call lamphounas: pancreas
The pancreas is made of cells called (1): lamphaounds
What kinds of cells are there of lamphaounds?: alpha and beta cells
What is postive feedback?: is when a result or stimulus enchances the orginal stimulus so that the the activity is accerleted
NAME is when a result or stimulus enchances the orginal stimulus so that the acitivty is accerleted: postive feedback
What is the major energy fuel for the body?: carbs
Which can provide more fuel for the body, carbs or protiens?: protiens
All the nutrients in the world are useless if u dont have (1): oxygen
What is the single most abudnent chemcial in the body making up 60% to 80% of it?: water
Water is the (1) in the body: the single most abundent chemical
(1) provides the watery environment necessery for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions: water
What is the normal body temp?: 37C
When the body temp increases what happens?: CHemical reactions increase and protiens can lose their chaqracterisitc shape
What happens if the body temp descreases?: metabolic reactions become slower and finally stop
What atmospheric pressure?: the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
NAME is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body: atmpspheric pressure
37 C is the (1): normal body temp
(1) and (2) depend on atmposheric pressure: (1)breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
T or F the mere pressence of the survial factors is enough to sustain life: False
T or F oxygen is essential but in in excessive amounts are toxic to the body cells: True
Draw the elements of the a control system: p 9
T or F in order for homeostatis to ocur, only certain organs play a role: False (all)
What is a variable?: the factor or event being regulated
NAME is the factor or event being regulated: variable
What are three interdependent components of homeostatic control?: (1)Receptor (2)control center (3)effector
What is the receptor?: is some type of sensor that moniters the environment and responds to stimuli
NAME is some type of sensor that moniters the environment and responds to stimuli: receptor
what is the control center?: determines the set point , analzyes the input, it recieves and then determines the appropriate response or course of action to take
NAME determines the set point, analyzes the input it recieves, and then determines the apporopriate response or action to take: control center
What is the effector?: provides the mean for the control center's response to the stimulus
NAME provies the mean for the control center's response to the stimulus: effector
What are three examples of negative feedback?: (1)regulation of the body temp (2)the withdrawl reflex (3)reglation of the blood glucose levels
Draw the regulation of blood glucose levels by negative feedback mechanism involving the pancreas horomones?: p 11
(1) feedback mechanisms usally control infrequent events that do not require continous adjustments: postive
Postive feebacks are often refered to as (1): cascades
Why are postive feeback rarely used?: bc they are likely to race out of control
Give two ex(s) of postive feeback?: (1)enchancemnt of labor contractions (2)blood clotting
NAME enchancment of labor is a ex: postive feeback
NAME blood clotting is a ex: postive feedback
NAME regulation of body temp is a ex: negative feeback
NAME the whithdrawl reflex like when u touch a hot surface is a ex: negative feedback
NAME regulation of the blood glucose levels is a ex: negative feedback
What happens when a blood vessel has been damage? hint:postive feedback (4): (1)blood elements called platelts immdeitatly begin to cling to the injured site (2)and release chemicals that attract more platelts (3)this rapidly growing pile up of platelets intitates the sequence of events that finaly forms the clot
NAME most disease is regarded as a result of a disturbance, what is this condition: homeostatic inbalance
What is homeostatic inbalance?: is a condition that causes most diseases bc of a disturbance
NAME the anatmocial reference point reference point is a standard body postion called?: anatomical postion
the left and right terms refer to (1): the sides of the cadaver being viewed
What is superior ?: if the first body part is towards the upper part of the body
NAME (2) is if the first body part is towards the upper part of the body: superior or cranial
What is inferior?: if the first body part is toward the lower part of the body
NAME if the first body part is toward the lower part of the body: inferior
inferior is also called?: caudal
(1) is also called caudal: inferior
(1) is also called cranial: superior
superior is also called (1): cranial
Anterior is also called (1): ventral
(1) is also called ventral: anterior
posterior is also called (1): dorsal
(1) is also called dorsal: posterior
Superficial is also called (1): external
(1) is also called external: superficial
(1)is also called internal: Deep
deep is also called (1): internal
What is anterior?: if the first body part is toward or at the front of the body
nAME is if the first body part is toward or at the front of the body: anterior
NAME if the first body part is toward the back of the body: posterior
What is posterior?: if the first body part is toward the back of the body
NAME if first body part is toward the midline of the body or on the inner side: medial
What is medial?: is if the first body part is toward the midline of the body or on the inner side
What is lateral?: is if the first body part is away from the midline of the body or on the outer side
NAME is if the first body part is away from the midline of the body or one the outer side: lateral
What is intermediate?: is when comparing three body parts if the first one is in the middle
NAME is when comparing three body parts if the first one is in the middle: intermediate
What is proxmial?: is if the first body part is closer to the body trunk
NAME is if the first body part is closer to the body trunk: proxmial
NAME is if the first body part is the fartherest away from the body trunk: distal
What is distal?: is if the first body part is the furtherest away from the body trunk
NAME is if the first body part is the furtherest away from the body trunk: distal
What is superficial?: if if the first body part is towards or at the body surface
NAME is if the first body part is towards or at the body surface: superficial
What is deep?: is if the first body part is away from the surface and internal
NAME is if the first body part is away from the surface and internal: deep
the head is (1) to the abdomen: superior
the navel is (1) to the chin: inferior
the breastbone is (1) to the spine: anterior
the heart is (1) to the breastbone: posterior
the arms are (1) to the chest: lateral
the collarbone is (1) btwn the breastbone and the shoulder: intermediate
the elbow is (1) to the wrist: proximal
the wrist is (1) to the elbow: distal
the knee is (1) to the thigh: distal
the thigh is (1) to the knee: proximal
the skin is (1) to the skeletal muscles: superficial
the lungs are (1) to the skin: deep
Nasal refers to (1): the nose
(1)refers to the nose: nasal
Oral refers to the (1): mouth
(1) refers to the mouth: Oral
Cerivical refers to the (1): neck
(1) refers to the neck: cerivical
Acromial refers to the (1): point of the shoulder
(1) refers to the point of hte shoulder: Acromial
Axiallary refers to the (1): arm pit
(1) refers to the arm pit: Axiallary
Abdonimal refers to the (1): abdomen
(1) refers to the abdomen: Abdonimal
Brachial refers to the (1): arm
(1) refers to the arm: Brachial
Anetcubital refers to the (1): forearm
(1) refers to the forearm: Antebrachial
Antebrachial refers to the (1): forearm
The pelvic refers to the (1): pelvis
(1) refers to the pelvis: pelvic
Carpal refers to the (1): wrist
(1) refers to the wrist: carpal
Pollex refers to the (1): thumb
(1) refers to the thumb: pollex
the palmar refers to the (1): palm
(1) refers to the palm: palmar
Digital refers to the (1): fingers
(1) refers to the fingers: Digital
Pubic refers to the (1): genital region
(1) refers to the genital region: pubic
Patellar refers to the (1): anterior knee
(1) refers to the anterior knee: Patellar
The curral refers to the (1): leg
(1) refers to the leg: curral
Pedal refers to the (1): foot
(1) refers to the foot: Pedal
Tarsal refers to the (1): ankle
(1) refers to the ankle: Tarsal
Digital refers to the (2): toes and fingers

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