Reproduction 2
Terms
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- gamete
- sex cell
- dartus muscle
- surrounds teste, smooth muscle
- cremaster muscle
- voluntary contraction of the testis - skeletal muscle
- scrotum
- supports, protects, regulates the position
- scrotal septum
- divides the left and right testis to reduce disease/infection transmission
- testes
- 1 1/2 inches X 1 inch - produce gametes, hormones - left is lower
- 4 male transportation ducts
- epididymes, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory duc, urethra
- primary sex organs
- gonads, ovaries - produce ova and sex hormones
- penis
- copulatory organ
- secondary sexual characteristics
- hormonal - voice, fat, hair distribution
- tunica vaginalis
- inner layer of the testes
- tunica albuginea
- outer layer of the testes, folded inward, compartments of 250-300 lobules
- seminiferous tubules
- 28 inches long - 2-3 within each lobule - function unit of the testes, sperm production here
- spermatogenesis
- formation of sperm
- rete testis
- efferent ductules
- sustentacular cells
- w/in seminiferous tubules, sperm mature, nutrients
- interstitial cells
- b/w seminiferous tubules, hormone secreting
- diploid
- 46 chromosomes
- haploid
- 23 cells
- flagella
- sperm tail
- epididymes
- highly coiled - 17 ft. - stores sperm - mature (2 months)
- ductus deferentia
- smooth muscle - 18 inches
- digestive enzymes
- eat away at the egg
- seminal fluid
- semen, ejaculate, prostate
- seminal vessicle
- mobility, longetivity
- prostate
- 5 lobules, 5 ducts - open into the urethra - survival of sperm
- bulbourethral gland
- open onto urethra - pea shaped - pre-ejaculatory - muscous cleans out urethra
- membranous urethra
- muscle, bulbourethral, internal urethral sphincter
- prostatic urethra
- that portion of the male urethra passing through the prostate between the neck of the bladder and the membranous urethra
- spongy urethra
- The portion of the male urethra, about 15 cm in length, which traverses the corpus spongiosum
- shaft
- body of the the penis
- glans
- tip of the penis
- pre-puce
- foreskin, covers glans
- erectile tissue
- has lots of vascular spaces, fills with blood --> erection
- corpora cavernosa
- posterior, paired
- corpora spongeosum
- anterior on the penis, single, urethra goes through
- erection
- vascular spaces engorge with blood, penis hardens - S 2 3 4 - concious or reflexive - parasympathetic
- emission
- movement of the sperm into the ejaculatory duct - stimulus - sympathetic reaction
- ejaculation
- expulsion of sperm
- Similarities in M/F systems
-
-F more complex than M
-M and F systems develop from the same embryonic tissues, homologous structures
-Both have gonads that produce gametes and hormones
-Latent development of systems - functional during puberty - Differences in M/F
-
-Male doesn't develop any sperm until puberty
-Males reproductive throuhgout life
-Females reproduction is a cycle
-Females menstruate
-Females have menopause - vagina
- tubular organ 3.6 inches long, between bladder and rectum, continuous with the cervical canal, uterus attached at nearly a 90 degree angle
- external genitalia
- protects the vaginal opening
- uterine (fallopian) tubes
- egg is transported toward the usterus, site for fertilization
- uterus (womb)
- implantation and devlopment occur here, muscular walls also active during parturition
- ovaries
- paired primary sex organ, produces gametes, produces estrogen and progesterone, 1.4 in. X .4 in., positioned on either side of the uterus
- broad ligament
- supports the uterus and uterine tube
- mesovarium
- extension of the broad ligament that attaches to the ovary
- ovarian ligament
- ovaries supported by, attaches to the uterus
- suspensory ligament
- between lobules from skin to CT covering pectoralis major to support the breasts
- oogonia
- 5 months gestation - 6-7 million
- primary oocytes
- caused by meiosis - beginnings of oogensis - after the 1st meiotic division begins, oogenisis stops
- number of primary oocytes at puberty
- 300-400,000
- primoridal follicles
- primary oocytes not stimulated to complete the 1st meiotic division are contained within these tiny follicles
- follicular epithelium
- in response to several hormons collectively called gonadotrophin (secreted by the anterior pituitary) some of these oocytes and follicles get larger, and the follicle cells divide to produce this, which surrounds the oocyte and fills the follicle
- primary follicle
- follicle at the follicular epithelium stage
- secondary follicle
- some primary follicles stimulated to grow even bigger, develop this fluid filled cavity
- secondary oocyte
- meiotic division does not form 2 complete cells, but one gets all the cytoplasm
- polar body
- other cell formed by meiotic division -eventually fragments and disappears
- vesicular ovarian follicle
- so big it can be seen as a bulge on the surface of the ovary - one secondary follice's continued growth, 10-14 days after the first day on menustration
- ovulation
- hormonal stimulation (sudden burst of lutenizing hormone for the anterior pituitary trigger by a peak level of estrogen) the mature follicle will rupture and extrude its secondary oocyte near the opening of the uterine tube
- corpus luteum
- the empty follicle stimulated by hormones becomes this
- corpus albicans
- corpus luteum regresses and changes into a nonfunctional...
- fallopian tubes
- conducts the zygote to the uterus, fertilization here, 4 in. long
- infundibulum
- funnel-shaped open-ended portion of the uterine tubes
- fimbriae
- finger-like processes projected from the infundibulum to cover the lateral end of the ovary
- internal mucosal layer
- continuous with the mucosa of the uterus and vagina - infections can enter and cause infections in the pelvis (PID)
- muscularis middle layer
- smooth muscle, peristaltic contractions move the oocyte or zygote to the tube
- serous layer
- part of the visceral peritoneum
- blastocyte
- slightly matured zygote
- ectopic pregnancy
- implantation somewhere other than the uterus (often uterine tube)
- uterus
- hollow, thick-walled, muscular, upside down pear shaped - 2.8 in long, 2 in. wide, 1 in. diameter
- fundus
- dome shaped part of the uterus with entrance to the uterine tubes
- body
- enlarged main portion of the uterus
- cervix
- inferior constricted portion opening onto the vagina
- cervical canal
- space between the fundus and the body -continuous inferiorly with the cervical canal which opens into the vagina
- isthmus of uterus
- junction of the uterine cavity with the cervical canal
- uterine ostium
- opening of the cervical canal into vaginal cavity
- rectouterine folds
- paired, uterus to sacrum, folds of peritoneum from either side of the rectum anteriorly
- cardinal ligament
- cervix and vagina laterally to pelvic wall
- round ligament
- lateral border of uterus to lateral pelvis wall - continuous with ovarian ligament
- perimetrium
- thin, out serous covering - part of the peritoneum
- myometrium
- smooth muscle, very thick, stimulated for contractions
- endometrium
-
inner mucosal lining, two layers
-stratum functionale - superficial, shed during menstruation
-stratum basale - deeper layer, vascular, regenterates strat. func. - fornix
- dep recess behind protrusion of the cervix into the vagina (cervical caps/diaphragms go here)
- vaginal orifice
- exterior opening of the vagina at the lower end
- hymen
- partially covers vaginal orifice
- mucousal layer (vagina)
- transverse folds (rugae), glands, acidic mucous
- muscularis layer (vagina)
- smooth muscles, distends during parturition
- fibrous layer (vagina)
- covers vagina and attaches it to surrounding pelvic organs
- vulva
- external genitalia, surrounds orifice, swells and turns blue during pregnancy (8-12 wks.)
- mons pubis
- pad of adipose connective tisue, covers pubic symphysis, hair covered, cushions during coitus
- labia majora
- -2 thickened longitudinal folds of connective tissue, adipose tissue, smooth muscle - glands - enclose and protect
- pudendal cleft
- labia minora and clitoris located here
- episiotomy
- cutting of orifice that extends into the perineum - facilitates delivery
- labia minora
- 2 smallers folds close together within majora, hairless w/ sebaceous glands, splits to form prepuse of clitoris
- clitoris
- small, rounded, erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) - .8 in. long, .2 diameter
- vaginal vestibule
- longitudinal cleft enclosed by the labia minora with opening for urethra and vagina - lubricated (vestibular glands) - erectile tissues (vestibular bulbs)
- breast
- 15-20 lobes divided by adipose tissue, lobes divided into lobules, alveoli secrete milk
- mammary ducts
- convergence of alveoli
- ampulla
- milk stored
- ovulation/menstruation
- hypothalamus controls, cyclic event
- menstrual phase
- bloody discharge, first 3-5 days
- proliferative phase
- days 5-14, tissue regrows
- secretory phase
- days 14-28 - glandular secretions and blood - nourish blastocyte - last 3-4 days, PMS
- The Pill
- synthetic estrogen and progesterone - increase in blood levels of ovarian steroids - negative feedback inhibitions of gonadotrophin secretion - ovulationever occurs - cycle is like a luteal phase with high progesterone/estrogen and low gonadotrophins