anatomy test 3

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the mouth, pharynx & esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and the rectum & anus are ____ digestive organs: primary
the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are _____ digestive organs: accessory
what is the inner layer of the GI tract?: mucosa
what is the outer layer of the GI tract?: serosa
the _____ _____ of the mucosa cause the folds: muscularis mucosae
the ____ ____ of the mucosa contains lymphatic tissue and MALT: lamina propria
the ______ layer of the GI tract contain BV, glands, and lymphatic tissue: submucosa
the _____ is where the roots are anchored into the bones on the teeth: cementum
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual are three major ______ _____: salivary glands
______ helps to destroy bacteria: lysozyme
______ begins starch digestion: amylase
_____ pushes food down: peristalsis
the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus are parts of the what?: stomach
contents of the stomach leave through the what?: pyloric sphincter
what converts pepsinogen into pepsin?: HCL
____ ____ is secreted by salivary glands, and breaks down triglycerids: lingual lipase
____ ____ splits tryglycerids found in milkfat into smaller subunits: gastric lipase
the cephalic phase of the stomach is the " ____ _____ _____": stomach getting ready
the gastric phase in the stomach is the "_____ _____": stomach working
the intestinal phase of the stomach is the "_____ _____": stomach emptying
the _____ secretes trypsin (protein digestion) and nuclease (digests nucleic acids): pancreas
the ____ secretes bile: liver
the _____ stores bile: gall bladder
activation of vitamin D, excretion of bilirubin, and synthesis of bile salts are functions of the what?: liver
what does stercobilin do?: makes the feces brown
the common bile duct and pancreatic duct empties into the what?: duodenum
what is the primary site of absorbtion?: small intestines
the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum of the small instestines ends with the _____ ______: ileocecal sphincter
enteroendocrine an intestinal gland secretes _____ which stimulates the ____: secretin, pancreas
paneth cells of the intestinal glands sectrete _____: lysozyme
______ is the local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices, sloshing back and forth,, which is _____ digestion: segmentation, mechanical
sucrase breaks down _____: frucose (sugars)
lactase breaks down ______: galactose
pacreatic lipase are enzymes that break down _____: lipids
pancreatic juices contain 2 ______: nucleases
___ ____ play a role in emulsification the breakdown of lipids: bile salts
micelles carry _____: lipids
fat-soluble vitamins travel in _____: micelles
water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by what?: diffusion
_____ ____ fill the mucosa of the large intestines: intestinal glands
what are the taeniae coli of the muscularus on the colon/large intestine: longitudinal muscle fibers
the haustra are the _____ on the colon: pouches
in chemical digestion in the large intestines no enzymes are secreted only _____: mucous
vitamin K and B are absorbed where?: in the colon
what does the gastrocolic relfex do?: moves feces into rectum
the ileocecal sphincter is located in the where?: large intestine
is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?: exergonic
is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?: endergonic
over half of the energy released from ATP is converted to _____: heat
oxidation is a _____ in energy content: decrease
oxidation is a ___ of hydrogen atoms: loss
(energy transfer) reduction is the _____ in energy content: increase
(energy transfer) reduction is the ______ of hydrogen atoms: addition
what is phosphorylation?: the addition of phosphorus to ADP to make ATP
______ is hundreds of glucose molecules combined to form glycogen for storage: glycogenesis
carbohydrate metabolism takes place in the ____: liver
glucose-6-phosphate hides _____ in cells: glucose
is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic: anaerobic
what is the first step in glycolisis?: breakdown of glucose
the 10 step process of glycolysis occurs where?: in the cytosol
what are the products of glycolysis?: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acids
if there is a O2 shortage in a cell pyruvic acid is reduced to _____ ____: lactic acid
if oxygen is present in the cell pyruvic acid is then converted into _____ ______: acetyl coenzyme A
what are the products of the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?: 2 CO2, 2 NADH + 2H, 2 acetyl coenzyme A molecules
is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?: aerobic
the _____ ____ is a series of oxidation-reduction & decarboxylation reactions occurring in the ________: krebs cycle, mitochondria
the krebs cycle transports __ to the electron transport chain: H
what are the products of the krebs cycle?: 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH + 6H, 2 FADH2
glycogenisis stores what?: glycogen
what is glycogenolysis?: when you need glucose it breaks stuff down to get it
when is glucagon activated?: in the absence of glucose
glucagon and _______ is used in glycogenolysis: epinepherine
what is gluconeogenesis?: production of new glucose
gluconeogenesis is stimulated by _____ and ______: cortisol and glucagon
the chylomicrons carry ____ lipids: dietary
VLDLs transport _______: triglycerids
LDLs carry the "___ cholesterol" from the ____ to the ____: bad, liver, cells
HDLs carry "___ cholesterol" from the ___ to the ____: good, cells, liver
do triglycerids exert osmotic pressure?: no
triglycerides are split into fatty acids & glycerol by ____: lipase
if ATP levels are low, glycerol is converted into ____ ____: pyruvic acid
if ATP levels are high, glycerol is converted into _____: glucose
where are proteins used?: everywhere
glucose 6-phosphate,pyruvic acid, and acetyl coenzyme A play pivotal roles in ______: metabolism
(metabolic adaptations) in the absorptive state nutrients enter the ______ and make _____ readily available for ATP production: bloodstream, glucose
in the postabsorptive state absorption of nutrients is _____: complete
the _____ functions to regulate osmolarity, blood volume, and blood pressure: kidney
what is the hilus of the kidney?: the renal artery and vein, ureter
the _____ is the functional units of the kidney: nephron
the renal ______ is the site of plasma filtration: corpuscle
in the renal corpuscles are the _______ capallaries where filtration of blood occurs: glomerulus
what do the collecting ducts and papillary ducts do?: drain urine
(blood supply to the nephron) peritubular capallaries carry away _______ substances from the _____: reabsorbed, filtrate
(blood supply to the nephron) the vasa recta supplies ______: nutrients
do the number of nephrons remain constant from birth? and if they are injured is there replacement?: yes,no
the amount of filtrate formed in all corpuscles of both kidneys / minute is called the _____ _____ ___: glomerular filtration rate
homeostasis requires GFR that is _____: constant
renal ________ are the mechanisms that maintain a constant GFR despite changes in arterial BP: autoregulation
at rest renal ________ prevails: autoregulation
most tubular reabsorbtion occurs in the ___: pct - proximal convoluted tubule
an important function of the nephron is tubular ______: secretion
water is only reabsorbed by _____: osmosis
______ water reabsorption occurs in the collecting duct under the control of antidiuretic hormones: facultative
_______ _____ produced by symporters & antiporters causes ____ reabsorption of other solutes: electrochemical gradients, passive
the descending limb of the loop of henle is very ______ to water: permeable
the ascending limb of the loop of henle is _______ to water: impermeable
bile consists of ____, ______, ___ ____, and __ ______, which is broken down into bilibrubin: water, cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments

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