08 - Pathology: Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Viruses are measured according to this unit
- nanometers
- 2 virus stages
-
1. Virion = dormant, transmissible
2. Infectious = active, intracellular stage - Definitive diagnostic test for Rabies
- Brain biopsy and isolation of infectious virus
- Explain Standard Culture of Virus
- Mammalian Cells are in tubes. The specimen is inoculated onto cell layers. It is examined daily for CPE. May take WEEKS to detect any viral growth
- Explain Rapid Culture of Virus
- Mammalian cells are on a coverslip in a small vial. Specimen is added to cells and CENTRIFUGED. Cell layers are fixed after 24-48 hours and stained with IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE for specific viral proteins
- Term used to describe virus-induced cellular changes that are visible by light microscopy
- Cytopathic Effect
-
Adenovirus:
-cells infected have an affinity for __1__.
-infected cells become __2__ and the cell sheet __3__.
-__4__ inclusions within the __5__ -
1. haemotoxylin
2. rounded
3. disintegrates
4. Basophilic
5. Nucleus - Many enveloped viruses possess a ______ protein in their envelopes
- fusion
- 2 functions of Fusion proteins
-
1. fusion of virion to the host cell membrane allowing entry of viral genome into cytoplasm
2. Multi-nucleate cells = Syncytia - Measles diagnostic features
-
1. very large Syncytia
2. Eosinophilic inclusions in nuclei - RSV diagnostic features
-
1. Large Syncytia
2. pale Eosinophilic Inclusions in CYTOPLASM - Mumps diagnostic features
-
1. Large Syncytia
2. Pale EOSINOPHILIC inclusion in CYTOPLASM
3. Hemagglutinin --> causes haemadsorption when RBC's are added to infected cells - What differentiates between RSV and Mumps
- With Mumps, infected cells will agglutinate RBC's due to presence of Hemagglutinin in PM
- All Herpesviruses replicate in the _______
- nucleus
- Herpesvirus inclusion characteristics
- Eosinophilic IntraNUCLEAR inclusions
- This typifies infection with HSV-1
- prominent foci, or plaques, of rounded cells
- Other manifestations of Herpesvirus infection
- Giant cells = MNGC's
-
CMV:
-replicates only in __1__ cells.
-growth-rate: __2__
-Foci size: __3__
-Inclusion characteristics: 4 -
1. fibroblasts
2. slow
3. small and discrete
4. Eosinophilic "owl-eye" in nuclei - Looking at Pathology of viruses necessitates?
- getting a tissue sample from the patient
- Tests that can detect viruses that are in the Latent stage
-
PCR
Antibody - Tests that can detect specific viral proteins in specimens
-
Enzyme Immunoassays
Immunofluorescence - Example of Antigen that can be detected in the serum
- HBsAg
- Detection of most VIRAL ANTIGENS requires collecting a sufficient number of.....
- infected cells from the patient
- Detection of Viral Nucleic Acid allows you to detect presence of viruses before...
- host Ab response can be detected
- Virus that is commonly detected by it Viral Nucleic Acid
- HIV
- Detection of viral nucleic acid allows you to _____ the amount of viral replication associated with disease
- Quantitate
- 3 methods of virus-specific antibody
-
1. Immunofluorescence
2. Enzyme Immunoassays
3. Western Blot - Detection of this virus specific Ab tells you the patient may be immune
- IgG
- Are Rhinoviruses and Coronavirus usually associated with Pneumonia?
- NO
- Complications of Rhino/Corona
-
Sinusitis
Otitis Media - Pathology of SARS is diffuse __1__ damage with __2__ and __3__
-
1. alveolar
2. edema
3. hyaline membranes - Clinical Features of Influenza
-
Rapid onset of HIGH FEVER, CHILLS, myalgia, BAD Headache
progresses to DRY COUGH - Pathology of Influenza (3)
-
-Necrosis
-Desquamation of Ciliated Epithelium
-Inflammation - Secondary Bacteria causing Pneumonia from Influenza
-
H. influenza
S. pneumonia
S. aureus - Composition of the Influenza vaccine
-
A - H1N1
A - H3N2
B from hong kong - # of Parainfluenza types
- 4
- Parainfluenza causes _____
- Croup
- Parainfluenza causes __1__ with a __2__ in children
-
1. Acute Pneumonitis
2. barking cough
*no vaccine - RSV most commonly happens during this time of year
- Winter months
-
RSV:
-causes __1__ infections in adults
-causes __2__ in children -
1. mild
2. ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE - Diagnosis of RSV (2)
-
1. cultured
2. direct detection of Ag by Enzyme Immunoassay or IF - Pathognomic for RSV
- MNGC's with Mononuclear cell infiltration
- Types of Adenovirus infections (4)
-
1. Respiratory
2. Eye
3. GI
4. UTI's - Adenovirus can cause a rapidly fatal _________ in Immunocompromised hosts
- Hemorrhagic Pneumonia
- Is there an Adenovirus vaccine?
- Yes, available to certain pops
- Pathology of Adenovirus (3)
-
1. Necrosis
2. HEMORRHAGE
3. Inflammation - Histology characteristic of Adenovirus
- Smudge cells
- Hantavirus clinical features
-
Abrupt Fever, Cough, Headache, Myalgia
Followed by RAPIDLY developing RESPIRATORY FAILURE - Are there vaccines or antiviral drugs for Hantavirus?
- Nope
- Diagnosis of Hantavirus
- CLINICAL - all others take too long and patient may be dead by that time
- Pathology of Hantavirus
-
1. Interstitial Pneumonitis
2. Congestion
3. Edema
4. Mononuclear infiltration - Histologic cell of Hantavirus
- Immunoblast = large activated cells with a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
-
What virus -
Adenovirus
-infected cell becomes rounded
-cell sheet disintegrates
-dark basophilic inclusions withing the nuclei -
What virus? -
Measles
-syncytia
-eosinophilic influsions in nuclei -
What virus? -
RSV
-large sycytia
-nuclei do not contain inclusions
-pale eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm -
What virus -
Mumps
-syncytia
-RBC hemagglutination -
WHat virus - CMV = "owl eyes"
-
What virus? -
SARS
-diffuse alveolar damage
-edema
-hyaline membranes -
What virus - SARS = virus in cytoplasm of pneumocytes
-
What virus? - Adenovirus
-
What virus? -
Hantavirus
-Immunoblasts = large activated cells with prominent nucleoli and high N:C ratio