IDs 35-51
IDs 35-51 ch 21 (french rev)
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- September Massacres
- Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.
- Second French Revolution
- the fall of the monarchy marked a rapid radicalization of the Revolution, a phase that historians often call the Second Revolution
- Georges Jacques Danton
- a young lawyer who co-led the mountain w/ Robpierre
- Girondists
- named after a department in Southwestern France, bitterly competitve with the mountain. Determined to continue "war against tyranny" along with the Mountain.
- Legislative Assembly
- When the National Assembly disbanded, it sought popular support by decreeing that none of its members would be eligible for election to the new Legislative Assembly. This meant that when the new representative body comened in Oct. 1791, it had a different character
- Committee of Public Safety
- Robespierre and others from the Mountain joined the recently formed Committee of Public Safety, to which the convention had given dictorial power to deal with the national emergency. These developments in Paris triggered revolt in leading provincial cities, such as Lyons and Marseilles, where moderates denounced Paris and demanded a decentralized gov't
- Jacobins
- the great majority of the legislators were still prosperous, well-educated, middle-class men, but they were younger and less cautious than their predecessors. many of the deputies were called Jacobins, after the name of their political club.
- "Mountain" and the "Plain"
- The Mountain, led by Robpierre and young lawyer Danton, had all members sitting on the uppermost left-handed benches of the assembly hall. a majority of the indecisive Convetion members, seated in the "Plain" below, floated back and forth between the vival factions
- Levee en masse
- The term Levée en masse denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and has to be viewed in connection with the political events in revolutionary France, namely the new concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject.
- Reign of Terror
- while radical economic measures supplied the poor with bread and the armies with weapons, the Reign of Terror used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. 40,000 french men/women were executed or died in prison. Robespierre's Reign of Terror was one of the most controversial phases of the French Rev. Many believe that it was not directed against any single class. Rather, it was a political weapon directed impartially against all who might oppose the new gov't
- Edmund Burke
- A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny.
- Thermidorian Reaction
- extended Political Reign of Terror. Goal was increasingly an ideal democratic republic where justice would reign and there would be neither rich nor poor. their lofty goal was unrestrained despotism and guillotine. In Mar. 1794, to the horror of many sans-culorres, Robespierre's Terror wiped out many angry men who had been criticizing Robespierre for being soft on the wealthy. it recalled the early days of the Revolution
- Declaration of Pillnitz
- This carefully worded statement declared their willingness to intervene in France in certain circumstances and was expected to have a sobering effect on revolutionary France without causing war.
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- young writer in London. Born into middle class, was schooled in adversity by a mean-spirited father who beat his wife and squandered his inherited fortune. Struggled for years to earn her living as a governess and teacher. Wrote widely read attack incnesed by Burke's book-Vindication of Rights of Man (1790), also Vindication of Rights of Women (1792) which set high standards for women.
- Maximilien Rosespierre
- young and still obscure provincial lawyer and member of the National Assembly, evaluated the work of two years and concluded "the revolution is over." He was both right and wrong...Right in the sense that most constructive and lasting reforms were in place. Wrong in the sense that a much more radical stage lay ahead
- Directory
- continued to support French military expansion abroad. war was no longer so much a crusade as a means to meet ever-present, economic problems. it reinforced widespread disgust with war and starvation. Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup de'etat and subtituted a strong dictatorship for a small one.
- First Coalition
- drove French from Austrian Netherlands, peasants in Western France revolted against being drafted into the army. They were supported and encouraged in their resistance by devout Catholics, royalists, and foreign agents.