History Ch28
Terms
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- Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
- all consumer products have to have true and informative labels
- Earl Warren
- Rep Chief Justice appointed by Ike; started the activist court the Warren Court (SEE CHART IN BOOK!!)
- Office of Economic Opportunity
- oversaw many programs dealing w/ improving life in inner cities (ex: Job Corps: education and job training program for at-risk youth)
- Special Forces
- Small army unit created in the '50s to wage guerilla warfare in limited conflicts; expanded by Kennedy; aka Greet Berets
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- aid to students & funded related activities such as adult education and education counseling
- Medicaid
- funded by federal and state governments; health and medical assistance to low-income families
- Peace Corps
- volunteer organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services; one of Kennedy's most enduring legacies
- Higher Education Act
- college tuition scholarships, student loans, work-study programs for low and middle-income students
- "Flexible response"
- a buildup of conventional troops and weapons to battle Communism under Kennedy; allowed the US to fight a limited style of warfare
- Medicare
- comprehensive health insurance program for elderly; financed through Social Security
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- the guy who shot Kennedy
- Effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1) The Soviet Union & the US agree to ban nuclear testing in the air; 2) Khrushchev gets booted out the next year because of the bad retreat they had to make; 3) Soviet Union realizes that they're behind the US in weapons and they start a major arms increase which is matched by the US (this undermines any US support for negotiation)
- Nikita Khrushchev
- leader of Soviet Union in the '60s
- Project Head Start
- preschool program for the disadvantaged
- New Frontier
- what Kennedy's plans were called; 1) increase aid to education, 2) health insurance for the elderly; 3) Department of Urban affairs; 4) helping migrant workers; all of these were rejected by Congress
- Area Redevelopment Act and Housing Act
- provided funds to poor areas: clear slums, create jobs, low-income housing
- La Brigada
- the name of the Cuban exiles that were supposed to attack at the Bay of Pigs
- Job Corps
- tried to help young unemployed people get jobs (under the EOA)
- The Other America
- book written by Michael Harrington detailing the poor in America during the 50s/60s
- Housing and Development Act
- new housing subsidy programs; fed loans & public housing grants easier to obtain
- Deal that was made to avoid the Cuban Missile Crisis becoming a nuclear war
- Soviet Union backs off in Cuba, the US has to promise not to invade Cuba, and the US had to remove its missiles in Turkey (this one was under-the-counter)
- Highway Safety Act
- supported highway safety by improving federal, state, and local coordination & by creating training standards for EMTs
- DUE PROCESS
- (the law can't treat people unfairly, arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and proper procedure must be followed)
- VISTA
- aka Volunteers in Service to America; served as a Peace Corps for the US
- Abington School District v. Schempp
- no more state-mandated Bible-readings in public schools
- Fulgencio Batista
- dictator before Fidel Castro
- Mapp v. Ohio
- state courts couldn't consider evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution
- Escobedo v. Illinois
- a suspect needs to be given access to a lawyer and needs to be told that he / she has the right to be silent before being questioned
- Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
- revitalize urban areas w/ social and economic programs
- Engel v. Vitale
- states couldn't require kids to recite prayers in schools
- Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)
- passed under Johnson; established a wide range of programs aimed at creating jobs and fighting poverty; to coordinate the programs it established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) Neighborhood Youth Corps - provided work-study programs helping underprivileged young men and women get a high school diploma/college degree (under the EOA)
- Gideon v. Wainwright
- a defendant in a state court has a right to a lawyer whether or not they can pay
- Robert Weaver
- first African American to serve in a cabinet; served as secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under Johnson
- Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims
- addressed the reapportionment issue; "one man = one vote"; shifted more power towards minorities
- Immigration Reform Act
- ended North European domination of immigration; put a strict limit on immigrants but they were equal for all groups; encouraged Newcomers from other parts of Europe + Asia + Africa
- Miranda v. Arizona
- authorities have to give suspects four warnings (Miranda rights) = 1) right to remain silent; 2) anything you say can and will be used against you in court; 3) right to a lawyer while being questioned; 4) if you can't afford one, we'll give you one
- Great Society
- Johnson's vision of a perfect US society; timing supported by the civil rights movement & the strong economy; biggest accomplishments were Medicare (health insurance for the elderly), Medicaid (health insurance for those on welfare), Project Head Start (government funded preschool programs), and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- Barry Goldwater
- extreme Conservative who ran against Johnson in the Election of 1964; loses
- Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
- called for fed action against gender discrimination (enforced by an EO) & made sure women got equally paid employment (enforced by the Equal Pay Act)
- Reapportionment
- the way states draw up political districts based on changes in population; lots didn't take the large number of people in the city into account
- Esther Peterson
- assistant Sec of Labor and director of the Women's Bureau of the Dpt. Of Labor
- How Kennedy stimulated the economy
- deficit spending for funding for defense and space exploration + wage and price cuts by companies and unions (steel company squabble); also tried for a tax cut for supply-side economics but that was shot down
- Johnson treatment
- the way Johnson treated you in order to get what he wanted
- Child Nutrition Act
- established a school breakfast program; expanded the lunch and milk program
- Water Quality Act and Clean Air Acts
- supports development of standards and goals for water and air quality
- "Model Cities"
- federal subsidies to cities
- Warren Commission
- SC investigation into Kennedy's death found that Oswald was a lone assassin; some questions were left unanswered
- Griswold v. Connecticut
- trying to prohibit birth control devices encroached on someone's right to privacy
- Alliance for Progress
- a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments (Kennedy's plan to improve relations between the US and Latin America); called for a 10-year $20 billion donation to establish good schools, housing, health care, and land distribution; Good effect on Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics (prevented Communism); Other countries just used the $ to keep the rulers in power
- Why Great Society programs weren't all wonderful
- 1) some were too rushed (too many w/out thinking through); 2) expanded too quickly and got out of hand; 3) costly! Especially once we get into the Vietnam War; 4) made America more dependent on the government