Pollution Control
Terms
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- When did regulatory measures and economic stimuli emerge for Pollution prevention?
- 1990 0nwards
- Continued emphasis on technological controls, with emerging concepts of waste management and reduction occured during which period?
- 1980 - 1990
- What was significant about the period 1970 - 1980?
- Greater emphasis on technological solutions and control, EPA and DoE founded
- Were there any pollution control prevention strategies pre-1945?
- No! no controls, waste is dispersed.
- What steps are responsible for the evolution of pollution control?
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(1) Recognition of waste
(2) Waste is dispersed
(3) waste control
(4) Waste minimization, recycling and reuse
(5) Product modification
(6) Changes to the organization - What are the forms of waste?
- waste may be material or energy.
- How was waste defined once it was recoginized?
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(1) allocation of goods or resources to uses which are not the most valuable.
(2)when the relative value of a goood is different from that goods marginal cost of production - How is waste dispersed?
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Discareded as cheaply as possible
(2) controlled release to areas of less "sensitive" impact - How is waste control characterized?
- By increasingly complex technological solutions to reduce "end-of-pipe" emissions.
- what are the measures that characterize step #4.
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>reduce output flows
>recycle waste back into production system
>finding new "value" in the waste and market it as a product to others - what is the strategy for product modification?
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(1) Changes in product design
(2)Changes in material and energy usage
(3) changes in market objectives - What are the evolutionary changes that were associated with changes in product
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>market orientation
>organizational values
>organizational structure
>para-organization affiliations - What is the purpose of the master equation?
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it attempts to identify a relationship between Environmental Impact (EI) and the following parameters:
1)population size
2)population wealth
3)a scalar measure of EI per unit GDP to tie these quantities - what is the IPAT equation?
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I = P x A x T
I is EI
P is population
A is affluence
T is Technology - How is ecological population growth described?
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P = P x e\RT
P is Population
R is rate of growth (a constant)
t is the time of the growth projection - What is GDP?
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Gros Domestic Product
which is a measure of the total market value of all goods and services produced in one year - what is GDP/capita?
- is the GDP divided by the population count
- what is "real GDP"?
- "nominal GDP" adjusted for inflation
- How is GDP calculated?
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GDP = C + I + G + NX
C is consumption (0.66 of all spending)
I is investment
G is Government spending
NX is net exports (exports - imports) - In which act is pollution prevention defined?
- Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999
- what is the principle of Sustainable development?
- states that a development plan must not compromise the welfare of future generations for the benefit of present generations
- what are the EPA's 4 stages of Life cycle Assessment?
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1)raw materials acquisition
2)manufacturing
3)consumer use/reuse/maintainance
4)Recycle waste management - Define (ppm)parts per million?
- this is the volume of gas within 1 million volumes of air.
- MESOSPHERE
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temp decreases with height
rapid vertical mixing - What is Pollution Prevention/what are the attributes of P2?
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1)operation of equipment to minimize environmental impact
2)shift from end of pipe solution
3)Focus minimize prod/toxicity of waste - what makes up the pollution prevention Hierarchy?
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source reduction
recycling
treatment
ultimate disposal - where in terms of priority does source reduction fall?
- Highest
- what powers does CEPA (1999) have?
- provides MOE power to prepare P2 plans
- describe the concept of Lif cycle assessment (LCA)?
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a holistic approach to ID env. consequences & opportunities for improvement
Focus is on EI, not cost