AP PSYCHOLOGY! STUDYYYY! :)
Terms
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- to study conscious experience and its structure.
- Structuralism
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to study how the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment.
- Functionalism
- emphasized the idea that people actively organize their perceptions of the world.
- Gestalt Psychology
- in scientific research, a prediction stated as a specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon.
- Hypothesis
- an integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena.
- Theory
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a situation in which the researcher manipulates one variable and then another variable, while holding all other variables constant.
- Experiment
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the variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.
- Independent Variable
- in an experiment, the factor effected by the independent variable.
- Dependent Variable
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in an experiment, the group that receives the experimental treatment.
- Experimental Group
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in an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group.
- Control Group
- a physical or psychological treatment that contains no active ingredient but produces an effect because the person receiving it believes it will.
- Placebo
- a statement that defines the exact operations or methods used in research.
- Operational Definition
- only the participants are unaware.
- Single Blind
- a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.
- Double Blind
- in an experiment, any factor that affects th dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable.
- Confounding Variables
- a group of research participants selected from a population whose members all had an equal chance of being chosen.
- Random Sample
- the process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study.
- Sampling
- the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment.
- Naturalistic Observation
- a set of procedures that provides a measure of how likely it is that research results came about by chance.
- Inferential Statistics
- in research, the degree to which one variable is related to another.
- Correlation
- a research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions.
- Survey
- a research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation.
- Case Study
- sensory neurons. “coming towardâ€
- Afferent Neurons
- motor neurons. “going awayâ€
- Efferent Neurons
- a neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body.
- Dendrite
- a neuron fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons.
- Axon
- the tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate.
- Synapse
- chemical that assists in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another.
- Neurotransmitter
- one of a class of neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and moderate pain.
- Endorphins
- an abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized.
- Action Potential
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a short rest period between action potentials.
- Refractory Period
- the subsystem of the PNS that transmits information from the senses from the CNS to the muscles.
- Somatic Nervous System
- the subsystem of the PNS that carries messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands.
- Autonomic Nervous System
- the subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that usually prepares the organism for vigorous activity.
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- the subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that typically influences activity related to the protection, nourishment, and growth of the body.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- a massive bundle of fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other.
- Corpus Callosum
- cells that form organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones.
- Endocrine System
- secreted by a gland into the bloodstream, which carries it throughout the body.
- Hormones
- long, thin structures in every biological cell that contain genetic information.
- Chromosomes
- the biological instructions, inherited from both parents and located on the chromosomes, that provide the blueprint for physical development.
- Genes
- the process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world, so that the sensations become meaningful experiences.
- Perception
- the minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time.
- Absolute Threshold
- a law stating that the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.
- Webers Law
- the curved, transport, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye.
- Cornea
- an opening in the eye, just behind the cornea, through which light passes.
- Pupil
- the part of the eye behind the pupil that bends light rays, focusing them on the retina.
- Lens
- the surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays.
- Retina
- (in cognitive development) the process of modifying schemas when familiar schemas do not work.
- Accomodation
- a depth cue involving the rotation of the eyes to protect the image of an object on each retina.
- Convergence
- personality theoriies that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognition, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment.
- Cognitive Social Learning Theories
- in rogers theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions.
- Conditional Positive Regard
- in rogers theory, full acceptance and love of another person regardless of that persons behavior.
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- objective personality test created by Cattell that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified.
- 16 Personality Factor Questions
- according to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his/her inborn capacities or potentials.
- Fully Functioning Person
- personality tests taht are administered and scored in a standard way.
- Objective Tests
- according to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves.
- Self-actualizing Tendency
- according to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his/her interal experience.
- Extrovert
- according to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and to become what it is inherently capable of becoming.
- Actualizing Tendency
- a statistical technique, used by Cattell, that demonstrates that various traits tend to cluster in groups.
- Factor Analysis
- according to Jung, our public self the mask we put on to represent ourselves to others.
- Persona
- personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test; consisting of ambiguous or unstructed material that do not limit the response to be given.
- Projective Tests
- dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways.
- Personality Traits
- any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning.
- Humanistic Personality Theory
- according to Adler, the persons effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses.
- Compensation
- acording to Jung, a person who usually focuses on his/her own thoughts and feelings
- Introvert
- five traits or basic dimensions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality.
- BIG FIVE
- a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots, the way a person interprets the blots is thought to reveal aspects of his/her personality.
- Rorschach Test
- a projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person writes a complete story.
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- an objective personality test designed to assess the BIG FIVE personality traits.
- NEO-PI-R
- a desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.
- Extrinsic Motivation
- acknowledging a stressful situation to the problem of attain the difficult goal.
- Confrontation