early dev
Terms
undefined, object
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- Nature Vs Nurture
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debate re genetic contributions vs environmental factors in determining dev'l outcomes and pheno traits. mostly intraction b/ween 2.
Role of primary exp in later dev., Env. antecedents of beh'r & cognition. - genotype VS phenotype
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geno- charcteristics that determined by inof coded on genes.
pheno- observable and measurable char, due to interaction of genetics/env. - critical and sensitive peroids
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critical- dev during wch the attainment of a dev'l milestone depends on the presence of particular env'l stimulation. lernez- bird imprinting
sensitive- is more flexible & refers to the optimal peroid of dev - PKU
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phenylketonuria- inherited disease that adversely affects metabolism and CNS dev.leading to mental retard
Early dietary intervention can prevent MR - Down syndrome
- autosomal abnormality- extra chromonsome on 21st pr. = MR and physical abnormalities.
- ecological model
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Bronfenbrenner- env'l influences on dev 4 interacting systems
micr0- immediate
meso- interconnection of micro
ero- env not in direct contact
macro- culture * subculture - teratogens
- drugs, toxins, env agents that interfere w/ normal prenatal dev. exposure likely to cause abnormalities or death during embryonic stage.
- brain development
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the cortex is the least dev at birth; brain dev continues until early teens.
# neurons grown, increase in dendritic branching and myelination. - principles of teratogenic effects
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damage to dev'g ind varies w/time of exposure
zygote- hi risk of spontanious abortion
embryo- cns and limb damage
fetus- cognitive dev
ea terat. agent has specific impact
not all ind react the same way to terta. - adaptation
- piaget, central process in cog dev by wch a child's mental structures achieve a better fit w/ exteranl reality. Involves the complementary processes of assimilation (interprets new info in existing schemas) and accomodation (schemas are modified to take into account new understanding
- cognitive dev- Piaget
- due to combination of biological muturation and interactions w/ the env. 4 stages sensorimoter (b-2ys) dev object permanence; peroperational (2-7) increase in symbolic thought (animisn, magic), concrete (7-12) ability to conserve, (reversibility,decentration); formal (12+) hypotheical and deduction
- zone of proximal dev
- Vygotsky - gap bet what a child can do alone and what can do with help from adult. Teaching most effective here.
- language dev
- several predictable stages; cooing/babbling (1yr), holophrastic and telegraphic speech (2y, rapid voabulary growth and mastery (3-6Y)
- bilingualism
- advantages- =cogntive flexibility & metalinguistic awareness. research- kids attend hi-quality bilin school do better in english mastery than monling
- attachment phenommena
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clear signs of attachment to the primary caregiver are not usually evident until 6-7 mths
signs 1. sep anx. -6mths-14/18mths
2. stranger anx 8/10 mths- 18 mths - patterns of attachment infant
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"strange sit" researach
4 attachment patterns
secure (explore env. stranger friendly w/mom- moms r emotional secure & sensitive)
anx/avoidant (uninterested in env, not worry mom gone, not stranger wary, moms r impatient, unrespon/overly resp)
anx/resistant (anx w/ mom, distress when gone, ambivalent when return. Moms r inconsistent) disorg/disor ( alternate bet avoid and seeking- abusive) - Patterns of attachemnt adult
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secure-automous value attach relats, secure relat w/ a paren, able to intergrate both +/- exp- child r secure attachment
dismissig- devalue relat attach, guarded- children tend to be avoidantly attached
preoccupied- confused re attachments, enmeshed fam origin, children r anx/resist
unresolved- exp trauma and early losses, neg/dysfunctional relats- child r disorg/disorit - moral dev (Piaget)
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2 stages
heteronomous (rules are unchangeable)
autononmous- (rules are alterable) - moral development (Kohlberg)
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realted to cog dev & soc'l perspective taking
3 levels w/ 2 stages
perconventional-consequences of an act(punishment/obedience;instrumental hedontistic)
conventional-maintian existing laws (good/bad boy/girl, authority/social order-maintaining)
postconventional- self chosen priniciples (social contract & ind rights, universal ehtical principles
key assumptions of MD
a) children pass thru the stages in an invariant sequence, satge 5/6 not reached by most people
b) an outgrowth of cog dev
c) ea stage reps an organized whole
more moral reasoning than actual behaviors - temperament
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ind basic beh'r style, largely genetic determined and a bulding block for personality
Basic temperament qualities are - activity level, approach/withdrawal, and adaptability. - psychosexual development
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Freud- 5 stages
oral (birth-1yr)
anal (1-3
phallic (3-6)
Latency (6 -puberty)
gential (post puberty)
fixation at any stage due to over-or-undergratification of sexual impulses can result in psychopathology - psychosocial development
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Erikson - personality dev over life span
8 stages
basic trust/mistrust (b-1yr)
autonmony/shame (1-3)
initiative/guilt (3-6)
industry/inferiority (6-pub)
identity/identity confusion (adolescence)
intimacy/isolation (yong adult)
generativity/stagnation (mid adult)
ego integrity/despair (old age) - parenting styles
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4 styles
authoriative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved
authoriative has best outcome,
uninvolved = antisocial/delinquency - indentity statuses
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Marcia
id dev in adolescence = 4 stages
identity diffusion (don;t know, no id crisis yet), identity foreclosure (no id crisis, parental suggestion), identity moratorium ( id crisis, explore dif options/beliefs) and identity achievement (resolved crisis, committed) - aggression and parental beh'rs
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patterson
parenting beh'r:
rejection, harsh discipline, lax monitoring
Patterson's coercive family interaction model focuses on the role of imitation & reinforcement - risk and resilence
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factors that seem to protect high-risk chldren from psychopathology
-escpecially social responsibility in infancy & the availability of a consistent caregiver - aging and intelligence
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fluid intelligence declines w/ increading age, crystallized intell remains stable
age-related declines in info processing speed may underlie many cog & perceptual decrements that accompany increasing age - aging and memory
- recent long-term mem (secondary) shows the greatest age-related decline; other aspects of mem adversely affected - working mem, explicit mem, episodic mem