October 9th
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Alfred Binet
- -developed intelligence test to identify slow learners -IQ= MA/CA x100 (mental age divided by chronological age) -formula is flawed
- Algorithms
- a methological, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives to solve problems
- Anticipatroy Nausea and Vomiting
- -classically conditioned response -chemotherapy (UCS) -nausea (CR) -treatment room (CS) -nausea in respones to room (CR)
- ANV Patients
- dont respond well to anti-nausea drugs -responsive to some behavioral treatments
- Arithmetic
- VERBAL SUBTEST!!! -concentration/attention; mathmatical ability *verbal test
- Availability vs. Representative Heuristics
- -decision making basedon th fact that things which are easily recalled semm to be typical -matchin an object to a concept w/out processing how likely the fit may be
- B.F. Skinner
- all behavior is explained by looking outside the individual; people tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences; decrease behaviors with neg. consequences
- Benjamin Whorf
- Linguistic relativity: one's language determines one's thoughts
- Bi-lingualism
- a second language is learned best when younger at a "sensitive period" for language development
- Categorization
- recognizing an object as a member of a group
- Chaining
- used to reach a more complex sequence or chain of behaviors; reinforcing various simple behaviors separately and the linking them together
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
- -organism learns to associate two stimuli -only produces a respones that originally was produced by other -example: dog/bell=salivation
- Compensatory Decision Models vs. Noncompensatory Decision Models
- -allows attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes (getting home sooner but paying $40 more dollars) -don't allow some attributes to compensate for others (taking a layover flight instead of paying)
- Comprehension
- awareness of socially appropriate behavior, rules and roles *verbal subtest
- Concepts
- mental representation of a category
- Concepts and Categories
- objects are classified on basis of their properties
- Conditioned Response (CR)
- response elicited by the CS (salivate to bell)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- originally neutral stimulus that elicits behavior after being paired with US (bell)
- Conditioning
- a kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and responses
- Confirmation Bias
- we seek to confirm what we already believe
- Critical Periods in Language Development
- -Case Study of Genie(like Nell): there does appera to be some sensitive/crucial period for language development skills
- Decision making
- evaluate alternatives and making choices among them
- Digit Span
- attention and rote memory (saying numbers and must repeat them back) *verbal test
- Distraction by irrelevant info
- people often get sidetracked and it detracts from effective problem solving
- Expressive vs Receptive Language
- -(speak) the ability to produce language -(understand)the ability to comprehend, process, and integrate meaning -Children usually have a greater capacity for receptive language
- Extinction
- repeat the conditioned stimulus w/out the unconditioned stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear
- Fixed interval
- reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed since the past reinforcer (5 mins)
- Fixed ratio schedule
- reinforcement after a fixed # of responses (every 4x)
- Framing
- how decisions or problem solving is posed may change the decision making task
- Functional Fixedness
- our tendency to rely on a function for an object and ignore other possible uses (hanger is for clothes, but can be used to get paper stuck in crack)
- Gleason Study
- language rules ar generative
- Greeno's three types of problems
- 1.Problems of inducing structure: relationship between #,words,sym. 2.Problems of arrangement: anagrams;arrange part of problem 3.Problems of transformation:need to carryout a sequence in orderto achieve goal
- Heuristics
- shortcuts that guide us in decision making
- Higher Order Conditioning
- pairing a neutral stimulus w/ the conditioned stimulus will create another CS, although a weaker CR; more likely to show extinction i.e. food w/bell, bell w/ light
- Hypothesis Testing
- make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution
- Inductive vs. Deductive
- ? vs. draw conclusion from set assumption; conclusion is true if premises is true
- Information
- basic fund of info culturally sensitive (COD meant cash on demand, now means cause of death) *verbal subtest
- Insight
- the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error
- Intelligence
- combines verbal ability, problem solving skills and the ability to adapt and learn from life's everyday experiences -historically defined by how we "measure" it
- Interactionist theory of language development
- both biology and experience seem to make important contributions to language development
- Intermittent Reinforcement
- For a response to persist, it should be reinforced intermittently, making the response more difficult to extinquish
- Interval Schedule
- reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed and the desired behavior occured
- Langauge Acquisition Device
- (Chomsky) -humans possess an inborn language mechanism -hardwired to sort input from 20-80 phonemes -lose between 4-12 months
- Language
- system of symbols, sounds, meanings and rules of combination that allow for communication among humans
- Law of Effect
- a satisfying result strengthens/ increases a behavior
- Learning Defined
- any relative permanent change in behaviorthat occurs bc of behavior
- Learning Schedules
- -Continuous: reward/punish occurs each time behavior occurs -intermitent/partial: occurs when a response occurs only some of time
- Learning Theory and Language
- -language is based on modeling, imitations, exposure, reinforce Flaws: kidsacquire language w/ ease not broad variations, adult speech is sloppy; kids aquire rules/structure, kids spech is not a mechanical play back of adult speech
- Mental Set
- tendency to rely on a function for an object and ignore other possible uses (always going to mom for help)
- Mental Simulation
- mental rhearsal of the steps need to solve a problem (planning out day)
- Morphemes
- smalled unit of meaning in a language; phrases made up of morphemes
- Negative Punishment`
- something pleasant is removed (no TV, no dessert)
- Non-verbal Communication
- vocal intonation (stress, pitch, volume), body language, gestures, physical distance, facial expressions, touch
- Observational Learning
- believe there is a higher level cognitive process to how we learn, impact attitudes, beliefs and expectations; children learn and imitate behaviors
- Operant Conditioning/ Instrumental Learning
- behavior is dependent on its consequences
- Ovverregulations
- grammatical rules incorrectly generalized to "exception" cases
- Phonemes
- -smallest unit of sound which can be distinguished -change in sound can alter meaning initial phonemes: "c"at or "b"at middle phonemes: b"i"t or b"a"t
- Positive Punishment
- something unpleasant occurs (spanked, mouth washed w/ soap)
- Primary Reinforcements
- satisfy biological needs: food, water, sex
- Problem Solving
- transform one situation into another to meet goal; active efforts to achieve goal
- Prototypes
- we rate things based on their similarity to models which represent the main characteristic of group
- Punishments
- are inherently unpleasant and decrease the liklihood of response
- Ratio Schedules
- deliver the reinforcement after a certain fixed number of responses
- Reasoning
- the process by which we generate and evaluate arguments
- Rosch
- concepts are defined by a prototype or the most typical member of a "class" Is a sparrow a bird? Is a penguin a bird? Is a bat a bird?
- Secondary Reinforcements
- satisfy through association with primary reinforcements: money, praise, grades
- Semantics
- sutdy of meaning of words, combinations, sentences
- Shaping
- reinforcing behavioral tendenceies in a desired direction; uses successive approximation; reinforce responses that are incresingly similar to the desired behavior
- Similarities
- verbal concept formation, level of abstraction *verbal subtest
- Spontaneous Recovery
- after a stimulus has been extinguished it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time w/ exposure to conditioned stimulus
- Stages in Language Development
- 1.crying 2.cooing (vowel noises) 3.babbling (constant/vowel: ba ba) 4.first words 5. holophrases (simple words convey meaning) overextension (all 4 legged animals are doggy) 5. telegraphic speech ("content" word sentencing)
- Stanford Binet and Weschler
- -intelligence tests still used today -developed new test with norms for all age groups based on a standard distribution
- Stimulus Discrimination
- one learns to realize the difference between similar stimuli (alarm clock vs. fire alarm)
- Stimulus Generalization
- after a stimulus becomes a CS for some response, other similar stimuli may produce the same reaction
- Surface vs. deep structure
- particular words used vs. notion of nouns, verbs, commands -Chomsky believes languages differ only in surface structur
- Syllogism
- form of deductive reasoning consists of 2 premises and a conclusion Premise: All A and B Premise: C is an A Therefore: C is a B
- Syntax
- structure of language; rules of order and function
- The Flynn Affect
- James Flynn found that from one generation to the next there have been steady gains in IQ scores cross culturally Hypothesis: more time in school, better educated parents, nutrition, broader exposure to media
- Thorndike
- studied cats
- Thought
- an extension of perception and memory; mental representation are formed, recalled, and manipulated
- Three Types of Consequences
- 1)Neutral: not more or less likely to see behavior change 2)Reinforcement: anything which makes a response more likely to occur 3)Punishment: anything which makes a response less likely to occur
- Uncondition Response (UR)
- response which is automatically produced (salivate)
- Unconditional Stimulus (US)
- elicitsthe unconditioned response (food)
- Unnecessary Constraints
- we put restrictions on our problem solving which don't exist
- Variable interval
- reinforcement occurs if a variable amount of time has passed since the previous reinforcer (on average 5 min, could be 3 or 7)
- Variable ratio schedule
- reinforcement after some average number of responses (on average 7)
- Vocabulary
- breadth of conecpts, ideas, ad experiences -correlated with overall IQ *verbal subtest
- Wechsler Intelligence Tests:
- WPPSI(preschool) WISC(children) WAIS(adults) -results in a verbal, perofmace and full scall IQ score -based on norms (100 mean, range 85-115)
- When to reinforce or punish?
- if it occurs immediately after a behavior it has the strongest effect