Intro to Psych Exam 1!!
Terms
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- Why should you study Psychology?
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-It makes you more aware of how people work.
-It makes you more aware of how you work.
-It can help you be more effective in various career paths.
-It can help you relate better to others, including family members and friends.
- Structuralism
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“Structures†of the Mind
What mental processes can be measured
-Wilhelm Wundt
-e.g. describing an object such as an apple in terms of the basic perceptions it invoked (e.g., "cold", "crisp", and "sweet"). An important principal of introspection is that any given conscious experience must be described in it's most basic terms
- Functionalism
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“Functions†of the Mind
Why did the function of consciousness development in a particular manner?
-William James
-e.g. Characterize pain as a state that tends to be caused by bodily injury, to produce the belief that something is wrong with the body and the desire to be out of that state, to produce anxiety, and, in the absence of any stronger, conflicting desires, to cause wincing or moaning
- Psychodynamic
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Unconscious conflict between physiological impulses and societal demands
- Behaviorism
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Observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives
-Conditioning and Association
-John B Watson
-B.F. Skinner
- Scientific Method
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Observe
Hypothesize
Test
Conclusions
Evaluate
- Descriptive Psychological Research
- The beginning, describes the phenomena, makes no prediction as to what will happen. All observational. Surveys and interviews
- Correlational Research
- studying the relationship between two variables. Do two variables change together?
- Experimental Psychological Research
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-Determine Causation, "WHY"
-Random assignment to groups
Each participant in the study has the same chance of being in an experimental group or a control group
- t-test
- compares the means between experimental group and dependent variable of control group. Trying to infer that the result is NOT due to chance. p>.0=no difference
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External Validity
- How much the experiment reflects the real world
- Internal Validity
- How generalizable is it to the population?
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Experimental Bias:
- Experimenters expectations influence outcome
- Demand Characteristics:
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Subtle cues that a participant will pick up from the experimenter. Because of this, they will modify their behavior.
- Research Participant Bias:
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Tendency for subjects to respond in a particular manner just because they know they are being observed.
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Placebo Effect:
- Harmless substance that has no psychologically effect
- Double Blind Experiment:
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neither the participant or experimenter know what group they’re in
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Glial Cells:
- NOT Sensation based, internal. Metabolism, regulation of neurons
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Neurons:
- Information processing, building blocks of everything that you do, over 100billion in brain, 1:10 (one neuron to 10 glial slides)
- Dendrite:
- Where neuron receives information
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Soma: Where information is transmitted to, contains nucleus, where information is processed. Figures out: 1) Should I fire 2) Or Not
- Where information is transmitted to, contains nucleus, where information is processed. Figures out: 1) Should I fire 2) Or Not
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Axon (travels down by electrical processes):
- Where action potential is fired, what matters within the cell
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Terminal button:
- end of axon, sacs of neurotransmitters, chemicals, splattered to
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Synapse:
- space between a neuron’s receive and transmitter
- Mylon Sheath:
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Insulation, provides nutrients to neuron
- Resting Potential
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controlled by the difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell.
-When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the resting potential is negative due to the accumulation of more sodium ions outside the cell than potassium ions inside the cell
- Action Potential
- occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body
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Synaptic Transmission:
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⬢Neurotransmitters carry info
⬢Vesicles: carry neurotransmitters
⬢Once released into synapse, the receptors start to attach
- Afferent (nervous system pathway)
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cell goes from body to brain Sensory
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Efferent (nervous system pathway)
- cell goes from brain to body Motor
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Pruning:
- apart of the neuron, cutting of neuron, cutting connection
- Sympathetic
- Fight or Flight
- Somatic Nervous System
- Body Sensations and Voluntary movement
- Automatic Nervous System
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Responsible for unconscious (breathing, heartbeat, digestive)
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic -
GABA:
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inhibitory, inhibits potential of next neuron
-Known for regulation and control within cells
-Linked to high levels of anxiety (low levels of GABA) -
Glutamate:
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excitatory, excited next neuron
-Linked to learning and memory
-Linked to most psychological disorders -
Dopamine:
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Voluntary movement, reward anticipation
-Stimulant drugs: Active dopamine
-Should I take action for that reward?
-Parkinson’s: low levels
-Schizophrenia: high levels -
Serotonin:
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Sleep, mood, attention, learning
-Low levels: depression/anxiety
-Ecstasy: high increase
-achieved by: exposure to light, healthy dieting, meditating -
Acetylcholine:
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Muscle actions, learning, memory
-Black widow venom: high levels
-Botox: Low levels
-Alzheimer’s: Low levels
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Norepinephrine:
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Increases mental arousal, alertness
-ADHD: low levels
-Manic tendencies: high levels -
Oxytocin:
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Hormone and neurotransmitter, attachment/emotional bounds
-BOTH a hormone and neurotransmitter, drugs can interfere with neurotransmitters
-Mimic neurotransmitter or enhance neurotransmitter
-Blocks neurotransmitter - EEG (inexpensive) brain imaging
- Cap on head with specific nodes, amplification recording during task, can’t move a lot, records electrical regions
- MEG Brain Imaging:
- Magnetic instead of electrical, VERY complex to analyze
- PET Scan:
- at hospitals, intrusive (injection of glucose), injected molecule into bloodstream, radioactive recording, attracts the SOMA of the neuron
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-MRI:
- Uses magnetic field, very powerful, 10x magnetic field of the earth, 2D slices
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fMRI:
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging, tells what the images are doing, tracks the blood oxygenation in brain tissue/activations, tracks grey matter
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Thalamus
- Part of brain stem, (most influential structure): relay station, sorting and sending
- Pons
- Part of brain stem, responsible for sleep and arousal
- Cerebellum
- Controls motor coordination
- Upper Reticular Formation
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Stereotyped patterns of behavior
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Cerebrum
- Part of forebrain, responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. Includes limbic system and basal ganglia