Psych Ch. 12 2
Terms
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- the consistent and distinctive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in which an individual engages
- personality
- collection or constellation of traits that describes the functioning of the person across situations and settings
- personality styles
- according to Freud, the relatively small part of our mind that we are aware of at the moment
- conscious mind
- according to Freud, those mental processes that are not currently conscious but could become so at any moment
- preconscious mind
- according to Freud,the thoughts, desires, feelings, and memories that are not consciously available to us but that nonetheless shape our everyday behavior
- unconscious mind
- an entirely unconscious part of the mind that contains our sexual and aggressive drives
- Id
- the process by which the id seeks to immediately satisfy whatever desire in currently active
- pleasure principle
- the part of our minds that includes our consciousness and that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality
- ego
- an objective personality test consisting of true-false items that measure various personality demensions and clinical conditions such as depression
- minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
- the process by which the ego seeks to delay gratification of id desires until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
- reality principle
- the part of our minds that includes our conscience and counterbalances the more primitive demands of the id
- superego
- the fixed sequence of childhood developmental stages during which the id primarily seeks sexual pleasure by focusing its energies on distinct erogenous zones
- psychosexual stages
- a tendency to persist in pleasure-seeking behaviors associated with an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were unresolved
- fixation
- in Freud's theory, the first stage of psychosexual development during with the child derives pleasure by engaging in oral activities
- oral stage
- the Freud's theory, the second stage of psychosexual development during which the child derives pleasure from defecation
- anal stage
- in Freud's theory the third stage of psychosexual development during which the child derives pleasure from masturbation
- phallic stage
- in Freud's theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development during which the child is relatively free from sexual desires and conflict
- latency stage
- the Freud's theory, the last stage of psychosexual development during which mature sexual feelings toward others begin to emerge, and the ego learns to manage and direct these feelings
- genital stage
- in Freud's theory, a very basic defense mechanism in which people move anxiety-arousing thoughts from the conscious mind into the unconscious mind
- repression
- in Freud's theory, the ego's methods of keeping threatening and unacceptable material out of consciosness and thereby reducing anxiety
- defense mechanism
- a defense mechanism in which people offer logical self-justifying explanations for their actions in place of the real, more anxiety-producing, unconsious reasons
- rationalization
- a defense mechanism allowing people ot express unacceptable feelings or ideas by consciously expressing their exact oppostie
- reaction formation
- a defense mechanism that diverts people's sexual or aggressive urges toward objects that are more acceptavle than those that actually stimulate their feelings
- desplacement
- a powerful defense mechansim in which people perceive their own aggressive or sexual urges not in themselves, but in others
- projection
- a defense mechanism in which people feced with intense anxiety psychologicall retreat to a more infantile developmental stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
- regression
- in Jung's personality theory, the part of the unconscious mind containing inherited memories shared by all human beings
- collective unconcsious
- in Jung's personality theory, inherited images that are passed down from our prehistoric ancestors and that reveal themselves as universal symbols in dreams, religion, and art
- archetypes
- people who are preoccupied with their inner world and tend to be hesitant and cautious when interacting with people
- introverts
- people who are focused on the external world and tend to be confident and socially outgoing
- extraverts
- an attitude of complete acceptance towar another person regardless of what she or he has said or done; it is based on the belief in that person's essential goodness
- undonditional positive regard
- an attitude of acceptance toward another person only when she or he meets your standards
- conditional positive regard
- fleeting but intense moments when a person feels happy, absorbed, and extremely capable
- peak experiences
- a descriptive approach to personality that identifies stable characteristics that people display over time and across situations
- trait perspective
- a relatively stable tendency to behave in a particular way across a variety of situations
- trait
- the tendency to bolster and defend self-esteem by taking credit for positive events while denying blame for negative events
- self-serving bias
- a trait theory that asserts that personality consists of five traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness)
- five-factor model
- the study of the combined effects of both the situation and the person on human behavior
- interactionism
- a psychological perspective that examines how people interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships
- social-cognitive perspective
- the social-cognitive belief that personality emerges from an ongoing mutual interaction among people's cognitions, their actions, and their environment
- reciprocal determinism
- a person's belief about his or her ability to perform behaviors that should bring about a desired outcome
- self-efficacy
- the degress to which we expect that outcomes in our lives depend on our own actions and personal characteristics versus the actions of uncontrollable environmental forces
- locus of control
- psychological tests that ask people to repond to ambiguous stimuli or situation in ways that will reveal their unconscious motives and desires
- projective tests
- a projective personality test in which people are shown ten symmetrical inkblots and asked what each might be depicting
- rorschach inkblot test
- personality tests that ask direct, unambiguous questions about a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- objective tests