European History Chapter 5
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- Eastern Europe between 1648-1700: political systems that failed to become more modern might_________________.
- cease to exist
- Most parts of Eastern Europe belonged to one of 3 old fashioned political organizations:________________, ________________,and the ________________.
- Holy Roman Empire, Republic of Poland, Ottoman Turks
- Their place would be taken by_______, ________, and________.
- Prussia, Austria, Russia
- What was the East-West line?
- Elbe river through Bohemian Mountains to the Adriatic Sea.
- What happened to the peasants during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries in Eastern Europe?
- They increasingly lost their freedom.
- What was uncompensated compulsory labor paid by the serfs to their lord referred to as?
- Robot
- What were three similarities between the Holy Roman Empire, Turkey, and Poland?
- Lacked sufficient systems of administration and government; compared to France, they were out of date; made up of diverse ethnic and language groups
- What did the Holy Roman Empire show no intentions for since the Middle Ages?
- expansionist tendencies
- After the__________________ Germany fell increasingly out of step with the rest of Europe.
- Thirty Years' War
- What caused Germany to fall increasingly out of step with the rest of Europe?
- no colonies; no stock exchange; a variety of coinage, tariffs, tolls, even calendars
- Who composed highly spiritual music in a time of rational rebellion?
- J.S. Bach
- There were how many states?
- 300-2000, depending on who counted
- What were "Knights of Empire" in south Germany?
- private persons enjoying sovereign status
- What was the Golden Bull of 1356?
- Seven electrons of the Holy Roman Empire established
- What years were Bavaria and Hanover added to the electors?
- Bavaria: 1648; Hanover: 1700
- Why were small states able to exist beside large states without serious fear of losing their independence?
- Because most Germans glad to keep this way of life
- ________________ lost all authority after the Thirty Years' War (1648).
- Imperial Diet
- What could Protestants and Catholics demand after 1648?
- "ius eundi in partes" or "right of sitting apart" in imperial diet
- _________________ began in 1663 to consider measures against the Turks- never dismissed- did nothing.
- "perpetual diet" of Regensburg
- How did ambitious rulers extend their power?
- marriage and inheritance
- What is an example of marriage extending power?
- Guelph family ruling in Hanover inherited the throne of England
- Austria would emerge after 1700 from a random collection of territories called the_________________.
- House of Habsburg
- Prussia emerged from the_________________________.
- House of Brandenburg or Hohenzollern
- Why was Poland called a republic around 1650?
- because its king was elected
- Political classes in the Republic of Poland took pride in their ______________________.
- constitutional liberties
- What were the two main parts the Polish state was made up of?
- Polish proper in the west; Lithuania in the east
- There was no_______________ in the Republic of Poland.
- national middle class
- What was the official language of the Republic of Poland?
- Latin
- What was the leading religion in the Republic of Poland?
- Catholicism
- The aristocracy was called _____________, made up 8% of the population.
- szlachta
- What was the main weakness of the szlachta?
- absence of a powerful central authority
- What were "Polish liberties"?
- a fierce suspicion of central authority and foreign interference
- Why was there only two Polish kings of Poland from 1572 to 1795?
- because they were too suspicious of their own number
- _______________________ came to Poland from England in 1200's.
- Ashkenazic Jewry
- liberum veto or __________; "exploding the diet"
- free veto
- Who already talked of dismantling Poland?
- Berlin and Moscow
- Who broke off on their own?
- Poles and East Prussia
- The Ottoman state was larger than either the _________________or the ___________________, and in the _________ century, was more solidly organized.
- Holy roman Empire, Republic of Poland, seventeenth
- What did the Ottoman Empire besiege in 1529?
- Vienna
- When was the height of the Empire?
- 1550
- Why was 1550 the height of the Ottoman Empire?
- because of military skill and janissaries
- What were Janissaries?
- a member of a group of elite, highly loyal supporters
- What was the law in the Ottoman Empire?
- Koran
- What was the government based on?
- religious groupings
- Who fared better in the empire than Muslims would have fared in Christendom?
- Christians
- What was the Christian force sponsored by?
- Pope Innocent XI
- What was the Christian force made up of?
- Poles, Austrians, and Germans
- who was Prince Eugene of Savoy?
- founder of the modern Austrian state, both a brilliant military leader and administrator, reformed the supply, equipment, training, and command of the Habsburg forces
- What came from Eugene fighting against Spain, France and the Turks?
- Everything that Austria got from France through the Treaty of Utrecht
- What happened in the Battle of Zenta?
- Prince Eugene and the Austrian drove the Turks out of Hungary
- What did the Battle of Zenta result of?
- Peace of Karlowitz
- What was the Peace of Karlowitz (1699)?
- Turks gave up most of Hungary along with Transylvania and Croatia to the Habsburgs.
- What was the Battle of Blenheim?
- in 1704, Eugene's greatest victory (along with J. Churchill, Winston's relative)
- What was the Treaty of Rastadt (1714)?
- outcome of War of Spanish succession annexed Spanish Netherlands with Milan and Naples
- What was the Peace of Belgrade (1739)?
- between Austrians and Turks, created the frontier, which on the Austrian side, remained unchanged until the twentieth century
- What type of empire was the Austrian Empire?
- international, based on a cosmopolitan aristocracy of landowners who felt close to each other rather than to their own laboring class
- What did the Austrian Empire include?
- Belgium, parts of Italy, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Croatia
- No overall ___________; only landlords represented in local________.
- Diet, diets
- What was the outcome of the Battle of White Mountain in 1620?
- Czech's conquered by Austrians
- Princes of the Holy Roman Empire had the of ________________.
- ius reformandi
- What is ius reformandi?
- the right to reform religion on his own estates
- What religion did the Turks favor?
- Protestantism
- Why did the Turks favor Protestantism?
- because they would not be attached to the Habsburg king
- What was the first step by Austria in Hungary following reconquest from the Turks?
- to repress Protestantism
- __________ veterans encouraged to settle in Hungary.
- German
- Who was given privileges in Hungary?
- Croats
- _______ imported from across the Danube so an already heterogeneous society became more so.
- Serbs
- Who rebelled against Habsburgs?
- Hungarians
- Who received help from Louis XIV, but crushed by 1711?
- Prince Francis Rakoczy
- Who did Marie Theresa succeed in 1740?
- Charles VI (1711-1740) and his Pragmatic Sanction
- What did Sweden and Prussia do to defeat their larger neighbors?
- They had well trained, disciplined armies equipped and ably commanded and economically employed
- Who were Sweden's rulers between 1697 and 1718?
- Gustavus Adolphus (1697-1718, queen Christina (1632-1654), and Charles XII (1697-1718)
- What was Gustavus' great folly?
- the Vasa, sank in 1628
- What were the advantages of Sweden's Empire?
- hereditary ruler, free from control by the estates, craftsmen and experts brought in from the west, subsidized war industries, novel weapons, organization, tactics
- Why was the South coast of the Baltic, where Prussia was to arise, an unpromising site for the creation of a strong political power?
- thinly populated, poor soil, no mineral resources
- Included Pomerania, and electoral _________________, founded in the Middle Ages as a "mark" or "march" of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the _____________ by 1415, and part of the lands of the _________________.
- margravate of Brandenburg, Hohenzollerns, Teutonic Knights
- What did the Elector of Brandenburg inherit in 1618?
- the duchy of Prussia
- What was all Germany east of Elbe?
- medieval conquest by German peoples
- What was German "Drang nach Osten"?
- "drive east"
- What began to appear in the seventeenth century when a number of territories came together in the hands of the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg?
- modern Prussia
- What did it receive from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
- further Pomerania
- What was the Long range policy?
- connect the three separate territories- Brandenburg, East Prussia, and a mass near the Rhine
- Who was Frederick William (1640-1688)?
- the great Elector-put his main reliance on a competent army
- What was the main objective of the diplomatic maneuver?
- being on the right side in the balance of power
- What was Frederick William allowed to do in exchange for providing the emperor with 8,000 troops in preparation for the War of Spanish Succession?
- to call himself king in Prussia in 1701
- What was developed to meet the needs of the army in Prussia?
- institutions of civilian government
- Where did half of Prussian ruler's income come from?
- crown domains, consisting of manors and other productive enterprises owned and administered by the state
- What did crown domains allow rulers to do?
- to pay the whole cost of civil govn. from their own income
- ___________ grew up under ________________ rather than by venturesome business class.
- Economic life, government sponsorship
- What had a profound effect on the social development and class structure in Prussia?
- army
- Who made up most of the officer class while in France?
- Junker landlords, few nobles
- Emphasis on _______, _______, ________, and ________.
- duty, obedience, service, sacrifice
- What did legislation do to preserve the officer class?
- forbade the sale of noble lands to non-nobles
- Who was Frederick I (1701-1713)?
- the first "king"
- What happened under Frederick William I (1713-1740)?
- peculiar features hardened under this monarch
- What did Frederick II The Great (1740-1786) do?
- raised army from 85, 000 to 200, 000
- What did Frederick II The Great do with the army?
- established canton system of recruiting- each regiment had a particular district or canton assigned to it as a source
- What did Frederick II The Great ignore when he invaded Silesia with the death of Charles VI>
- the Pragmatic Sanction
- What happened when Frederick II The Great invaded Silesia?
- it doubled Prussia's population to 6 million, adding valuable industries, and establishing Prussia as a great power
- What happened to the old tsardom of Muscovy after 1650?
- it turned into modern Russia
- Why had Russia not been part of the general development of Europe before 1650?
- because of the predominance of the Greek Orthodox religion; Mongol invasions and occupation (1240-1480); lack of warm-water ports
- What are similarities between Prussia and Russia?
- state rose primarily as a means of supporting a modern day army, neither had a native commercial class, no natural frontiers, autocratic government with landlord class impressed into state service, imported scientific, technical, and military knowledge
- What did Tarters, Cossacks, White Russians, Little Russians have in common?
- not tied to the west, strong eastern personality
- What were the strongest autocracies by 1500 in Eastern Europe?
- Moscovy and the Ottoman Empire
- Who did the Great Russians start trade with in 1553?
- England through Archangel
- Who was Ivan the Terrible (1553-1584)?
- the first grand duke of Muscovy to assume the title of tsar
- Who was in power during the Time of troubles (1604-1613)?
- Michael Romanov
- What was the main social development of the seventeenth century in Russia?
- sinking of the peasants into serfdom
- ____ owned most mines and industries.
- tsar
- _____________ leads a peasant uprising in 1667- executed in 1671.
- Stephen Razin
- What happened to the peasants in Russia?
- put outside the protection of the law, also estranged from established religion
- ______________ religion became hardly more than a department of the tsar.
- Russian Orthodox
- What was established in 1589 and separated from Constantinople?
- Patriarch
- Who rebelled against reforms of 1650?
- Old Believers
- What did Peter replace the Patriarch with?
- Procurator of the Holy Synod
- How long did Peter reign in Russia for?
- 1682-1725
- What was Peter's Europeanization or westernization of Russia considered?
- a social revolution
- When did Peter visit Europe?
- 1697-98
- What did Peter want to do in Europe?
- he recruited almost 1,000 experts in order to create an army and state that could stand against the West; territorial expansion a priority
- What were the "Windows on the West"?
- Baltic and Black Seas; warm-water ports
- What was the Battle of Nava (1700)?
- 40,000 Russians lost to 8,000 Swedes and Charles XII
- What was the Battle of Poltava (1709)
- Russians defeat the Swedes and Charles XII
- What was the Great Northern War(1709-1721)
- with Sweden; Treaty of Nystadt (1721)
- What was the Streltsi
- elite of the old army, a kind of Moscow guard, composed of politically active nobles, rebelled in 1698, liquidated by Peter and he then built his army from the ground up
- What were the characteristics of the Russian Empire?
- loose and heterogeneous, held together by military force
- What was St. Petersburg?
- built from the ground up, nobles obliged to settle there, became the center of cultural and economic life, stimulate westernization
- How did Peter the Great make internal changes to satisfy the city and govt. need for money?
- imposed taxes on almost everything- beards, coffins, cellars, hats
- Established____________________ like Colbert's in France to raise revenues and stimulate production
- mercantilistic policies
- What did Peter's efforts do?
- inadvertently widened the gap between Russia and Europe
- What did the new administrational system do?
- to oversee taxes, recruiting, economics, serf hunting, internal, National assembly. the Duma disappeared along with local self-government
- How did Peter's centralized absolutism differ from the west?
- it lacked legal regularity
- All landowning aristocrats required to serve in ______________.
- state service
- What was the status in "state service" based on?
- rank in the system; non-nobles could rise to great status while many nobles sunk
- How was the character of Russia formed?
- by the methods used by Peter to impose modernity
- Why did Peter kill his own son Alexis?
- because Alexis threatened to revive the old custom when Peter died
- What were the results of Peter's Revolution?
- fastened autocracy, serfdom, bureaucracy more firmly
- What were the results of Europeanization?
- only reached upper classes; peasant masses remained outside system, exploited, estranged
- What did Peter establish?
- ten territorial governments or guberni (dependent on Peter)- a Latin word, not Slavic, imitating the West
- What was Europe's largest state in the eighteenth century?
- Poland
- What was Poland an example of?
- an older political structure which failed to develop modern organs of government, also undermined by constant meddling by Russia
- Who was John Sobieski?
- King of Poland (1674-1696) greatly contributed to the relief of Vienna under siege by the Turks
- What was the War of Polish Succession (1733)?
- European states fighting over the successor to the Polish crown
- Why did Prussia and Austria propose the first partition in 1772?
- because they wanted to keep the balance of power as Russia was overwhelming Turkey in war.
- What was the outcome of this partition?
- Austria took a Galacia in the south, Prussia took West Prussia realizing an old ambition
- What was the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji?
- Turks, defeated by the Russians, allowed Russian ships into the Black Sea
- What was the Second Partition in 1792?
- a consequence of defense against the French Revolution
- What happened after the Third and Final Partition in 1795?
- Poland disappears