Nur B final
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- Name some nutrient intakes that are lower in American diets?
- ↓ vitamins A and C, milk, fruits and vegetables (except fried potatoes)
- _________identify conditions and specific health events
- Epidemiological studies
- __________test the effects of a treatment or intervention
- Clinical trials
- ________is the best ingredient for decision-making about nutrition and your health
- Evidence
- A _________ procedure eliminates bias
- double-blind
-
________can cause problems in research
People have expectations about a treatment
Those expectations can influence what happens, and the results of the research - Placebo effect
- Most food preferences are what?
- learned
- Food items develop strong what?
- symbolic, emotional, and cultural meanings
- Food choices are not driven by?
- need for nutrients or food selection genes
- What promotes food choice changes?
- Knowledge, attitudes, and values help promote change
- What is the key in making dietary changes?
- is to determine which ones are easiest
- What is alcohol?
-
-a food, an energy source
-a drug; it modifies body functions - How is alcohol produced?
- -from carbohydrates in grains, fruits, and other foods by fermentation
- What can moderate alcohol consumption protect you against?
- -against heart disease
- What is moderate alcohol consumption?
-
-one standard-sized drink per day for women
-two drinks for men
(raises level of HDL) - How many calories per gram does alcohol provide?
- 7
- Heavy drinkers receive too little of what in their diet?
- thiamin, vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron
- Truth about alcohol & absorption:
- Alcohol easily and rapidly absorbed in stomach and small intestine
- Due to _____ between intake and utilization, blood levels of alcohol ______.
- lag time___build up
- Mild intoxication causes what in people
- They lose control over muscle movement
- Truth about alcohol in men vs. women:
- Alcohol in women produces higher blood levels of alcohol than for men of the same body weight
- Underage drinking counts for how much of consumed alcohol in U.S.?
- 20%
- List some things alcohol does to body?
-
-speeds aging
-substituted instead of food
-toxic to all cells
-vitamin/mineral deficiencies (zinc, B-vitamins)
-decreased absorption & utilization of vitamins - What is a heavy drinking episode? (binge)
-
-drinking 5 or more drinks in a row for men
-drinking 4 or more drinks in a row for women - _____ is a study that identifies a link between a health condition and behavior
- observational study
- ______ is pooling of quantitative data from many studies to see what overall conclusions can be drawn
- meta-analysis
- ________ is when subjects don’t know if they are in the experimental or placebo group until after the study’s over; in a double blind study, the researchers don’t know either
- Blind (single or double) study
- ________ is a study that poses a research question and then follows subjects over time
- Prospective study
- ________ is a group of subjects randomized into an experimental group and a control group.
- Randomized control trial
- ________ is a study that uses recorded data or recall from the past
- Retrospective study
- _____ is the probability that something will occur
- Risk
- _______is the accuracy or truthfulness of the study’s conclusions
- Validity
- What is a dietary supplement?
-
-intended to supplement the diet not substitute for healthy foods
-has 1 or more dietary ingredients
Vitamins
Minerals
Herbs/botanicals
Amino acids
-intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, or powder
-is labeled on the front panel as supplement - What is a new dietary supplement?
- A dietary ingredient that was not sold in the US in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994
- How are dietary supplements regulated?
- like a food instead of a drug
- Health-related claims may be made about the effect of the supplement on the ____ of the body or _______
- “structure or function†... “general well-beingâ€
- What can be on dietary supplement label?
-
-FDA approved statements
-Claims about reducing the risk of nutrition deficiency diseases
-label about not being evaluated by FDA (if claims made) - For dietary supplements, the FDA does not require what?
-
Testing for: safety/effectiveness/interaction
-Approval before make & sell - Manufacturer should ensure what about dietary supplements?
-
-safety of ingredients
-label information is accurate
-said contents match container contents - What stimulant/herb was banned in 2003?
- ephedra
- _____ is how quickly breaks down into smaller pieces
- Disintegration
- ______ is how quickly dissolves in solution similar to digestive juices
- Dissolution
- _____ is the acceptable limit of impurities
- Purity
- ____ is amount of active ingredient
- Strength
- ___ is how long retains quality
- Expiration
- Pregnant and lactating women should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- some nutrients, of note iron & folate
- Women with heavy menstrual bleeding should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- iron (vitamin C)
- Women of childbearing age/premenopausal women should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- folate, iron, calcium
- Smokers should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- B vitamins, vitamin C
- Alcohol abusers should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- multivitamin-mineral supplement (Vitamin B1, folate, B6, C)
- People on diets should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- multivitamin-mineral supplement
- Vegetarians should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B2 and B12, vitamin D
- Older adults (> 70 years of age)should be taking what vitamin-mineral supplement?
- calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B6 and B12, zinc
- High does of vitamin-mineral supplements can result in
- nutrient to nutrient imbalances/interactions
-
Taking high levels for a prolonged time can be toxic
like taking what? - fat-soluble vitamins (A and D)
- No current law prohibits supplement potency, except for?
- potassium
- High doses of some nutrients may do what?
- Reduce absorption and utilization of other nutrients
- _____ are crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health
- herbs
- Herbs in a medical field are considered?
-
-diluted drugs
-with toxins & active “useful†components - Herbs:
-
-have active ingredients
-provide incomplete knowledge of risks & benefits - Herbs’ risk to health depends on what?
-
-amount and duration of use
-age and health status of user - What are some herbs that the FDA warns against?
-
Ephedra/Aristolochic acid/Chaparral/
Comfrey/
Lobelia/
Germander/
Magnolia-stephania/
Willow bark/
Wormwood/Yohimbe - Diet relates to what 3 things?
-
-development of vitamin & mineral deficieny diseases
-compromised growth & impaired mental develop in kids
-body's ability to fight off infectious disease - *_____are modified to enhance contribution to health
- Functional foods
- Synonomous name for functional foods?
- neutraceuticals
- What are functional foods for?
-
-improve health
-to prevent disease (with high amounts of compounds) - Functional foods don't have what?
-
-No statutory definition of “functional foodsâ€
-No specific regulations that apply - How are foods made functional?
-
-taking out harmful components
-increasing nutrients
-using beneficial foods when making food - ______live, beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods
- Probiotics
- _____ is a non-digestible carbohydrates broken down by colon bacteria
- Prebiotics
- Cancer has many causes primarily linked to what?
- environment and heredity (diet)
- What kind of diet can reduce cancer risks?
- based on plant foods that include lean meats, fish, and low-fat dairy products, regular physical activity, and normal levels of body fat
- What happens in the progression phase of cancer?
-
-Body loses control over abnormal cells, numbers increase rapidly
-cells become so numerous they erode normal functions of the body in the sites of growth
-Abnormal cells migrate to other tissues and cause DNA damage and abnormal cell development - Diet accounts for how much of cancer risks?
- 40%
- Environmental factors account for how much & name some?
-
80-90%...
-smoking
-exposure to asbestos
-chemical pollutants
-radiation - Cancer continues to decline as intake of what increases?
- fruits and vegetables (5-9 servings)
- What are some antioxidants in vegetables and fruits?
- Vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium
- Phytochemical in fruits & vegetables might prevent cancer by doing what?
-
-by protecting cells from damage due to oxidation
-by inhibiting the multiplication of abnormal cells - 3 serving of what cruciferous vegetable per week reduce the risk of what cancers?
- broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and brussel sprouts...lung, bladder, and prostate cancer
- _____ have vitamins, minerals, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals that work in cancer prevention
- whole grains
- Consumption of what is linked to cancer?
- excessive alcoholic beverages
- 50% drop in deaths from heart disease related to what?
-
-declines in cholesterol levels
-reduced rates of smoking
-improved blood pressure control
-advances in medical care - Why does risk of heart disease in women increase after menopause?
- Menopause brings declines of estrogen and HDL and increases in LDL
- Women or men: who has higher HDL and total blood cholesterol?
- women
- What is the most common form of cardiovascular disease?
- Atherosclerosis or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
- What is CHD?
-
-slow, complex disease that begins in childhood and progresses with age
-begins with an injury to the endothelium (inner most layer of the artery)
-accumulation of plaques along the inner walls of the coronary arteries
-Plaques may grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood flow through an artery - What are some risk factors for CHD?
-
Increasing age, male, heredity,smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, inactivity
obese,overweight,
Diabetes Mellitus - What is cholesterol?
- a fat-like, waxy substance that is present in all animal cell membranes
- What number defines clinically high blood pressure?
- over 240 mg
- Primary carrier for cholesterol in the blood?
- LDL
- HDL carriers what % of cholesterol in the blood?
- 25%-35% (HDL over 60 a negative risk factor)
- To prevent Heart Disease, you should reduce saturated fat to what?
- to less than 7% total calories
- High blood pressure exceeds what?
- 140/90
- Moderate sodium restriction to prevent Heart Disease is how much?
- 2400 milli a day
- Truth about diabetes & risk for heart disease:
- even controlling blood glucose still not enough if you have diabetes
- Obesity (as relates to Heart Disease) increases risk for?
-
-high blood pressure
-high cholesterol or LDL levels
-diabetes
-stroke - What doubles the risk for Heart Disease?
- a sedentary lifestyle
- Elevated triglycerides levels are associated with what?
-
-low HDL cholesterol levels
-diabetes, elevated blood glucose levels - _____is an amino acid in the blood
- Homocysteine
- Dietary components with greatest effect as it relates to plasa homocysteine?
-
Folic acid
Vitamins B6 and B12 - Food choices to help prevent Heart Disease?
-
-fruit and vegetable
-dietary fiber
-fish consumption
-soy protein
-alcohol-wine (manage stress) - What is obesity?
- having a very high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass, or Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher
- Body weight is the result of what factors?
- genes, metabolism, behavior, environment, culture, and socioeconomic status
- Contributing factors to obesity as it relates to caloric utilization?
-
-Resting Metabolic Rate
-Physical Activity
-Thermic Effect of Food - What is BMI for being overweight?
- 25–29.9
- Short-term goal:
-
-5 to 10 percent loss
-1 to 2 lb per week - Interim goal:
- Maintenance
- Long-term goal:
- Additional weight loss, if desired, and long-term weight maintenance
- Ways to lose weight?-therapies
- Dietary therapy, Physical activity,Behavior therapy, “Combined†therapy, Pharmacotherapy,Weight loss surgery
- For GB must have BMI of with comobities?
- 35 or 40 at least