Child Development 1st Exam
Terms
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- Child Development
- the scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence.
- 3 major topic areas of child development are..
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Physical development
cognitive development
social and personality development - Physical development
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development involving the body's physical makeup including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food drink, and sleep.
How it helps determine behavior
- Cognitive Development
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development involving the ways that a growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior.
Examine learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence. - Personality Development
- development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change or stay stable over time.
- Social development
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the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
Effects of racism, poverty, or divorce. - Cohort
- a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
- history graded influences
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biological and environmental challenges due to the event.
EX: cohort effects - age-graded influences
- biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a certain age group, regardless of when or where they are raised
- sociocultural-graded influences
- include ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership and other factors.
- Non-normative life events
- specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most people.
- continuous change
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development is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.
Quantitive... - Discontinuous change
- occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.
- critical period
- a specific time during development when a particular event has it's greatest consequences.
- plasticity
- the degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable
- sensitive period
- a specific time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment
- maturation
- the process of the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
- one key issue in child development today includes the comparison and contrast between continuous versus ______ change.
- discontinuous
- Another important issue involves the understanding of critical and ______ periods.
- Sensitive
- The relative influence of nature versus _____ on development illustrates a key question in child development.
- nurture
- Child development takes a scientific approach to development, and it considers ____ as well as change, in the lives of children and adolescents.
- stability
- The field of child development includes three major topics or approaches: physical development, ______ development, and social and personality development.
- cognitive
- specialists in child development must take into consideration broad ________ factors and account for ethnic, racial, socioeconomic, and gender differences if they are to understand how people change and grow throughout the life span.
- cultural
- Major social events have similar influences on members of a particular ____, a group of people born at around the same time in the same place.
- cohort
- Theories
- explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.
- psychodynamic perspective
- the approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.
- Psychoanalytic theory
- the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior.
- Psychosexual development
- according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on particular biological function and body part.
- psychosocial development
- the approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society.
- Behavior perspective
- the approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment.
- classical conditioning
- a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.
- operant conditioning
- a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on his association with positive or negative consequences.
- behavior modification
- a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- social-cognitive learning theory
- an approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
- cognitive perspective
- the approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.
- information-processing approaches
- approaches to the study of cognitive development that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
- cognitive neuroscience approaches
- approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity.
- contextual perspective
- the perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds.
- Bioecological approach
- the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism
- sociocultural theory
- an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture.
- Evolutionary perspective
- the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our enetic inheritance from our ancestors
- scientific method
- the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
- the five major theoretical perspectives that guide the study of child development are: Psychodynamic, the ______, the cognitive, the contextual, and the evolutionary perspectives.
- behavioral
- The _____ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance.
- evolutionary
- Erikson's _____ _____ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view and emphasizes social interaction with other people.
- psychosocial development
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of _____ _____ between members of a culture
- social interactions
- hypothesis
- a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.
- correlational research
- research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists.
- Experimental research
- research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
- Naturalistic observation
- students in which researchers observe some naturally occurring behavior without intervening or making changes in the situation
- case studies
- extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
- survey research
- research in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic.
- psychophysiological methods
- a research approach that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior
- experiment
- a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for subjects or participants.
- Treatment
- a procedure applied by an experimental investigator based on two different experiences devised for subjects or participants.
- treatment group
- the group in an experiment that receives the treatment.
- control group
- the group in an experiment that receives either no treatment or an alternative treatment.
- independent variable
- the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by researchers
- dependent variable
- the variable in experiment that is measured and is expected to change as a result of experimental manipulation.
- sample
- a group of participants chosen for an experiment
- field study
- a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
- laboratory study
- a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
- the ____ ____ is the process of posing and answering questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
- scientific method
- a ____ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
- hypothesis
- _______ are sistematically derived explanations of facts or phenomena
- theories
- the major research strategies associated with social science research are _____ and correlational studies.
- experimental
- theoretical research
- research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
- applied research
- research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
- longitudinal research
- research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age
- cross-sectional research
- research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
- sequential studies
- studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time
- developmental researchers focus on _____ and applied research
- theoretical
- _____ research measures change over time.
- longitudinal
- The research method in which researchers examine a number of different age groups at a single point in time is called ____ ____ research.
- cross-sectional
- among the basic ethical principles that protect research participants are those involving freedom from harm, _____ ______, and maintenance of participants' privacy.
- informed consent