Latinos/Latinas Final
Terms
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- Symbolic racism
- Symbolic racism: feeling by whites that blacks are making illegitimate demands for change
- Hegemony:
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Hegemony: ideas of one group dominate or exert a predominant influence on the major cultural and social institutions, these ideas explain social reality
“the ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas†Marx - Sexism:
- Sexism: individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward a people of a given gender or institutional practices that subordinate people of a given gender
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Gender Roles
Family context
Value of men & women -
Gender Roles
Family context
Value of men & women
Role of woman – mother, cook, cleaner
Role of man- provider ($$), disciplinarian - Historical Family Context
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Historical Family Context
Idealized Indigenous Gendered Family Roles
Influence of European/Spanish culture on gender & family
Chicana Movement
What is the definition of family?
What is the role of women within the family?
What rights do women have over their bodies? - Sexuality & Gender Roles
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Sexuality & Gender Roles
Women – high importance of virginity
Men – need for conquests
Homosexuality – not living up to expectations (procreate, going against type for femininity or masculinity, replicating stereotyped gendered expectations) - Goal of Course
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Goal of Course
Develop critical thinking and writing skills through examining contemporary social issues focusing on Latinos/as
Focus on issues of immigration, social class, ethnic identity, language
Diversity within ethnic groups - Recent Census
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Recent Census
12.5 % U.S. Population were Latino (35.3 million)
58.5% Mexican
9.6% Puerto Rican
4.8% Central American
3.8% South American
3.5% Cuban
Different populations in different regions of the country - Ethnic Gloss
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ethnic labels that gloss over the richness and cultural variation within ethnic groups, glosses over unique lifeways and thoughtways of ethnic groups,
--Leads to low scientific rigor taht may lead to misrepresentations - History
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general information on each generation
1800s, early 1900s, late 1900s
Major policies regarding immigration & incorporation of Latin American territories
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Paris, Jones Act, Industrial Incentives, Bracero Program, - Immigration
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Immigration
Push - Pull Factors
Economic & Family influences to immigrate
Business of undocumented immigration
Increased enforcement of border in 80’s & 90’s - War on Drugs
35% of Mexican Americans are immigrants - Gender & Latinos
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Gender & Latinos
Machismo & Marianismo
Fluid & dynamic & socially constructed
influenced by social norms
Working class context for women - Kernels of Truth & Stereotypes
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Kernels of Truth & Stereotypes
generalizations about a person or group of people where the same characteristics are assigned to all members
usually based on limited information
reinforced by repitition (ex: media)
influence social expectations -
Need to know
Ethnic Label -
Need to know
Pan-ethnic label definition
First use of Latino in 2000 Census
1970 first time use of Hispanic
Percentage of Population
12.5% of U.S. population
Mexican 58% of Latinos, Puerto Rican 10% of Latinos, Central American 5% of Latinos -
Need to Know
Where do Latinos live? -
Need to know
Where do Latinos live?
California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois, Arizona & New Jersey
More Mexican descent in West, more Puerto Ricans in Northeast, more Cubans in South (Florida) - Ethnic Labels
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Mestizo = mixture of indigenous & European descent
Latinos have multiple racial influences
Ethnic labels have multiple uses
identity, political, national, nativity, etc
Difference between race & ethnicity - Gender
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Definitions of Machismo & Marianismo as complex (both positive and negative)
Top 5 jobs of Latinas
1996 50% working Latinas
Where do gender roles come from?
Socialized from early childhood, social expectations - Social Location in the U.S.
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Social Location in the U.S.
Race - Phenotype
Ethnicity -cultural differences
Class - income level/status of occupation / education
Gender
Sexuality
Invisible Voices - Gender Roles in Latino Context
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Gender Roles in Latino Context
Marianismo
mother as center of family, caring for others, nurturing
martyr, self-sacrificing, virginal - Machismo
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Machismo
brave, courageous,protector, provider
womanizer, domineering, patriarchal -
Research & Gender Roles
1949 study in Mexico -
Research & Gender Roles
1949 study in Mexico
91% of men & 90% of women agreed a woman’s place is in the home
1982 study in Puerto Rico
family decision making was joint or up to the mother
1983 study in New Mexico
allegiance to traditional roles, but no strict division of labor -
Latinas & Working
1996 in the U.S. -
Latinas & Working
1996 in the U.S.
53% Mexican American Women Work
53% Cuban American Women Work
47% Puerto Rican Women Work
46% have less than college degree
9% college grads
1 in four Latino households are female-headed households - Latinas and Working
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Latinas & Working
Garment Workers
Florida 95% workers were women of color
California: majority Mexican female, 2/3 born in U.S., 9/10 unmarried - What are top 5 jobs held by Latinas
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What are top 5 jobs held by Latinas
Cashiers
Secretaries
Sales worker, retail
Janitor/cleaner
Nursing Aides - Latino Generations
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(1800s) Creation Generation
(1900s) Migrant Generation
(WWII-Vietnam) Mexican American Generation
(late 1960s) Chicano/a Generation - 1800s Creation Generation
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1848
Incorporation of Northern Mexico into the U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Prejudice from the Mexican American war
Racial inferiority was common in the south
Land taken - (1900s) Generation immigration History
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(1900s)
History
1898: Spanish American War
Treaty of Paris:
Cuba & Puerto Rico
1917 Jones Act
Puerto Rico incorporated
Cuba becomes a republic
Political upheavals in Mexico- Mexican Revolution
Largest waves of European immigrants
22 million - 1900s Migrant Generation
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1900s Migrant Generation
Economics
1947 Industrial Incentives Act
tax breaks for U.S. companies in Puerto Rico
export approx. 1 million Puerto Ricans comes to U.S.
1943 Bracero Program
4.8 million workers from Mexico
Operation Wetback - WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
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WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
Many fought in WWII
Over half a million Mexican Americans were recruited
Change from agricultural labor to unskilled urban workers
Puerto Rican’s fight for independence from U.S.
Blair House - 1950
1954 attempt on Truman
Mexican Americans also fighting for rights
Sleepy Lagoon Riots
Zoot Suit Riots - 60’s Chicano Generation
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60’s Chicano Generation
Cuban Revolution
Castro overthrows capitalist regime & tries to erase catholicism
Bay of Pigs - 1961 / Economic Embargo 1962
1 million Cubans leave
Bilingual Education established in Florida 1960
Civil Rights Revolution.
El Movimiento - Aztlan (Mecha)
Reies Lopez Tijerina - “Tierra o Muerteâ€1967
Cesar Chavez - farmworkers
17 million Americans boycott grapes - 1970
La Raza Unida Party - 70’s & 80’s
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70’s & 80’s
1980 Marielitos
120,000 refugees
Civil Unrest in Central America
approx. 2.5 million from El Salvador
Dominican Republic
Trujillo assassinated & economy suffered
1961 many immigrated to U.S. -
Recent Immigration Policy
1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act
1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act -
Recent Immigration Policy
1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act
penalize employers of undocuments
demonstrate citizenship upon start of new job
permanent resident status living in U.S. 5 years or more
1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act
enhanced border enforcement - Immigration & Border
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Immigration & Border
Mid-late 1990s
INS budget increased by 68%
Border guards increased by 85%
Congress limits immigrant’s access to welfare
California Proposition 187 to limit undocument access to health care and public schools - 4 Legal Ways to Enter U.S.
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4 Legal Ways to Enter U.S.
Family Sponsored
Employment Based
Diversity Immigrants
55,000 visas from remote countries
Refugees
based on persecution of a particular social group -
Myth #1: U.S. Overrun by Immigrants
% foreign born -
Myth #1: U.S. Overrun by Immigrants
Total number of immigrants has increased but total % is lower than ever
10% of U.S. population is foreign-born
Annually less than 1% increase
Primarily in six states
California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois - Myth #2 “Cost†of Immigrants
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Myth #2 “Cost†of Immigrants
$240 billion in income
$90 billion in taxes
$5 billion in welfare
majority of immigrants on welfare are refugees
less than 1.5% of refugees come to U.S.
many refugees suffer from PTSD or clinical depression
Do NOT take jobs away - Myth #3: Immigrants don’t want to be part of U.S. society
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Myth #3: Immigrants don’t want to be part of U.S. society
1 out of 3 become naturalized citizens
demand for ESL classes outweighs supply
75% speak English after at least 15 years.
Immigrants & refugees intermarry, rate of 1 to 3. - Critical Questions to Ask
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Critical Questions to Ask
Sending Society - Push factors
under what conditions did they leave?
Receiving Society - Pull factors
what is the context that the U.S. is receiving immigrants? -militarization of the border
Economic Situation
changing economic status can be stressful
Family Situation
most cannot immigrate with families intact - Undocumented
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Undocumented
Coyote revenue
guide($), driver($$), arranger($$$$)
each step has high danger potential
Cheap Labor
low pay
no rights (no unions)
health issues (fields & factories)
poor living conditions - Immigration Review
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Review
$25-30 billion more paid in taxes than used in services for education & public assistance
85% of immigrants come to U.S. legally
less than 2% receive welfare compared to 3.7% of U.S. population - Percent and Education
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Percent & Education
Mexican Americans
1960 15% were Mexican immigrants
1999 35% were Mexican immigrants
High School Graduation or higher
Native 84%
Foreign Born 65%
Latin American born 47%
Mexico born 31%
South Americans 78% - Economics
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Economics
Up to 2.5 million hired nationwide
Employed 25 weeks a year (a little over 8 months a year)
$6,000 a year in wages
receive few benefits because employers do not report Social Security
children as young as 10 are often hired - Health
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Health
4 of 5 do not have health insurance
1/3 of child workers are injured while working
300,000 acute illnesses and injuries from pesticides per year - Pesticide Use in top 5 CA crops
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Pesticide Use
Top 5 crops using most pesticide in CA
grapes (table,raisin), grapes (wine), cotton, tomatoes, almonds
Effects on health
carcinogens- cause cancer
reproductive hazards
nerve toxins
neurological damage & tissue/organ damage - Dolores Huerta
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Dolores Huerta
Born New Mexico
1960 Agricultural Workers Assoc.
1966
first UFWOC contract with Schenley Wine
1966, the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), later to be renamed the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) - Cesar Chavez
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Cesar Chavez
Born in Yuma, AZ
worked as migrant farmworker
1962 founded National Farmworkers Assoc.
1968 (25 days), 1972 (24 days), 1988 (36 days)
1970 grape growers accepted union contracts -
What does language mean for Latinos?
Meaning of Spanish for Latinos -
What does language mean for Latinos?
Meaning of Spanish for Latinos
cultural - biculural - identity
pronounciation of names
bilingual vs. monolingual
reaffirmative adaptation
Americanization vs. Multiculturalism - Bilingualism
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Bilingualism
Bilingual vs. Monolingual
better mental health
better relations with family members
Spanglish
hybrid form of Spanish & English mixed
new view of Latino identity as fusion of cultures
since 1965-1970s
dual impact on English & Spanish - Bilingual Notes
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18% in U.S. speak a language other than English
28% speak Spanish (over half of this group also report speaking English very well) -
History of Bilingual Education
English as a Second Language / -
History of Bilingual Education
English as a Second Language / Immersion
5% enrolled in 1969
Bilingual Ed start in Dade County Florida for Cuban Refugee children
Children performed as well or better than monolingual classes - History of Bilingual Ed
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History of Bilingual Ed
1967 Texas senator allot federal funds
remedy for poor educational outcomes of Latinos
1968 Bilingual Education Act
Recognize needs of LEP students, prohibit segregation, support cultural heritage
1974 Lau vs. Nichols Supreme Court decision
1998 California first state to ban bilingual education - English Only Campaigns
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English Only Campaigns
Result of rapid immigration patterns
Miami 1960-1980
Currently in Mid-West, ex: Iowa
rise in other language with recent immigrants
symbolic racism
viewed as threat
resentment of accommodation - Educational Attainment
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Among Hispanics, Mexicans 25 years and older had the lowest proportion of people with a high school diploma or more.
Mexicans 25 years and older also had the lowest proportion of Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree or more. - Economic Characteristics
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Economic Characteristics
Among employed Hispanics in March 2002, the most common occupations were:
service workers
precision production, craft, repair
transportation - Poverty
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Poverty
Over one quarter of Hispanic children under age 18 live in poverty.
Hispanic families are more likely to be living in poverty than Non-Hispanic White families. - Poverty/ Children
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Poverty/Latino Children
Almost double the amount of Latino households with children live in poverty compared to White non-Hispanic
Differences by Latino ethnic group
Puerto Rican highest, Mexican American mid, Cuban lowest - Poverty percentages with families
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Poverty/Latino Children
25% of Latino households with children live in poverty
10.8% of White families with children
Puerto Rican (48%), Mexican American (37%), Cuban lowest (24%)
1/2 of Latino families in poverty are female headed households - Poverty Thresholds
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Poverty Thresholds
Two people (no children) $11,53
four people (two children) $17,463
six people (four children) $23,009
largest total number White and in families
South largest region
inner cities largest numbers
rural areas more likely
more in poverty female headed households - 2000 Median Income
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2000 Median Income
White $31,213
Black $21,662
Hispanic $19,833
Increasingly unequal in 1981 slowed since 1993 - Poverty & Latinos
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Poverty & Latinos
Poverty decreased from 1999-2000
7.2 million
22.8% to 21.2%
difference compared to White 13.7% points higher
Foreign born in general
15.7% poverty - Latino Drop Out
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H.S. Completion Dropout Rate
7.1% Latinos (almost double national average 4.7%)
9.0% for family income below $20,000
Overall increase in education levels over time
9% Latino enrolled in college
most likely enrolled part time college
17.5% full time employed, 31% part time - Early Education
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Early Education
Schools multicultural
increase from 6% to 15% Latinos
Latinos less likely to be enrolled in nursery school.
Latinos more likely to be in public schools. - Neighborhood Hazards
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Neighborhood Hazards
Only 35% of Latino kids report physical activity
21% of females and 50% of males exercise regularly
Obesity rates 30-40% - Results
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Results
East San Jose 4th graders report in 1998
more hazards in lower income areas
more hazards associated with more physical activity
more hazards associated with less overweight
How would you explain this phenomenon? -
Empowering Neighborhoods
Beyond stereotypes -
Empowering Neighborhoods
Beyond stereotypes
“Community Space†(Chapt 17)
struggles over gates, laundry rooms,
“Barrio Space†in Tucson
Struggle for parks (Joaquin Murrieta & El Rio Center) - Current Latino Stats
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Current Latino Statistics
Latino Ethnic Subgroups
58% Mexican descent (live in West)
10% Puerto Rican (live in Northeast)
5% Central American
4% Cuban (live in South)
4% South American - Labels
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Labels
Ethnic labels can be used as a form of identity
Many labels exist for each group
political or national significance
nativity significance
Spanish language significance
Census Labels
Hispanic = Latino - Latino Commonalities
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Latino Commonalities
history of foreign conquest/colonialism
Spanish language-bilingualism
minority status in the U.S.
economic condition in the U.S.
Mestizo heritage
involuntary immigrants - Ethnic Identity
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Ethnic identity
Self-concept derived from membership in one’s ethnic group and the emotional value of belonging to this group - Social Identity Theory
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Social Identity Theory
Need to study human interactions & conflict
Categorization
Social Identity
Social comparison
Can create positive self-esteem through favorable comparisons
In-group favoritism
Ultimate Attribution Error
Eye of the Storm - What do we do when social group is viewed negatively?
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What do we do when social group is viewed negatively?
Intensified when resources are unevenly distributed
Leave the group
Work to make group appear more positive
Compare to other groups that are worse
Turn negatives into positives - che guevara sign in e. la
- we are not a minority
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Ethnic Identity Development
Enculturation:
Acculturation: -
Ethnic Identity Development
Acculturation: process of cultural change when ethnic groups come into continuous first hand contact
Enculturation: socialization process by which individuals learn about the culture of their ethnic group. - Enculturation
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Enculturation
Social Ecology
mainstream society (TV, media, etc.)
Family & familiar others
Child’s self-concept
Immediate context
who and where
Cognitive Development - Ethnic
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Ethnic affirmation
Positive attitudes to one’s group
Ethnic exploration
Active investigation into one’s ethnic group
Ethnic negativity
Negative feelings or shame towards one’s ethnic group
Ethnic resolution
Positive and resolved feelings - Latinos and Race
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Latinos & Race
Mestizo= mixture of Spanish & indigeneous groups
Caucasian
Black
Asian (many different areas)
Indigeneous (many different groups) - Race and Ethnicity
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Race & Ethnicity in Social Science
Race= biologically based, common phenotype, common genetic compostions
Ethnicity=common cultural (values, beliefs, language) heritage
Socio-race=social construction of race (social class, discrimination by phenotype) - 2000 us census
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2000 U.S. Census
97.6% One Race
2.4% Two or more races (6.8 million)
40% live in the West
more likely to be under 18 years
6.3% of Latino origin reported 2 or more races - Mixed Race Heritage
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Mixed Race Heritage
Mestizo: mixture of European and Indigeneous
Mulatto: mixture of European and African descent - Fertility
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Fertility
Annual average growth rate - 3%
even during baby boom U.S. growth rate was only 2%
1980-1990
increased by 53%
tend to marry younger and have more children - Education
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Education
Latinos have 5 years less of schooling than African Americans or White
Two groups with lowest levels of schooling:
foreign born Mexican (11 years)
Puerto Ricans (8 years)
Cubans are similar to Whites in U.S. - Undocumented Migration
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Undocumented Migration
When a person fails to enter at official US port of entry and without proper permission from immigration officials - Leading cause of death for migrants
- The leading cause of death for migrants is dehydration and hypothermia
- Known Migrant deaths in 2004
- 233 known migrant deaths in 2004 along Arizona’s southern border
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sign in front of El Centro Comunitario de Atención al Migrante y Necesitado
Altar, Sonora, México - Si no pensamos differente... todo sera igual
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Plaza in Altar, Sonora, Mexico
Migrant Center
Grupo Beta
Mexicano Migration Stories
Altar Plaza Vendors
Migrants at the Laderilla /Brickyard -
Plaza in Altar, Sonora, Mexico
Migrant Center
Grupo Beta
Mexicano Migration Stories
Altar Plaza Vendors
Migrants at the Laderilla /Brickyard - Culture
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Culture is dynamic, always changing, powerful, complex
-shared set of learned beliefs, values, languages, norms, and shared beliefs - Chicano
- political: from indiginous word Mexica Meshi-ca
- Boricua
- indiginous based from island
- Puerto Rican
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Location of birth: Nuyorican
--relation to homeland/ indiginous: Boriqueno - Culture is like water;
- a fish swims in it, not recognizes that it is there, all around us
- Ethnicity
- group defined by shared cultural practices, values and beliefs
- Race
- grouping based on shared genetic heritage and or physical characteristics
- Pan-Ethnic Label
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pan-ethnic: asian/hispanic
---hispanic, latino, spanish-american, spanish origin, spanish surnamed, spanish speaking - National origin label
- mexican american, or cuban, or puerto rican
- Hispanic
- people of mexican, puerto rican, cuban, central/south american descent or other spanish culture of origin regardless of race
- Lainto used
- 2000 US census
- Hispanic used
- 1970, 1st time inclusion of hispanic origin
- Us ranking w/ latinos
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us ranks 6th with most latinos
35.3 million out of 281.4 million - Age
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median age is 25.9 years
mexican is youngest= 24.2
cuban oldest= 40.3
---median age for us is 35.3 - Geographic distribution
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76.3 latinos live in W. or S.
1/2 of Latinos live in CA or Tx
--CA, TX, NJ, NY, AZ, FL, IL - Largest Latino sub groups
- Mexican and Puerto Rican
- Latino common characteristic
- Language, US minority, european conquered
- Socio-race
- social construction of race, socail class, discrimination by phenotype
- 4 Main races
- European, indigenous, asian, african american
- 1917 Jones Act
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Puerto Rico incorporated
cuba becomes a republic, caused largest wave of european immigrants; 22 million - 1943 Bracero Program
- -Working arms and arms
- grape boycott 1970
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17 million americans boycotted grapes 1970
La Raza Unida Party