AP BIO
Terms
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- nuclear lamina
- a netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
- prokaryotic cell
- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
- secondary cell wall
- in plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.
- collagen
- a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
- vesicles
- a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm.
- basal body
- a eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets.
- cytosol
- the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
- plasmodesmata
- an open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
- integrins
- in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.
- light microscope (LM)
- an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.
- cytoplasm
- the contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
- contractile vaculoes
- a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain fresh-water protists.
- chromosomes
- a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
- peroxisome
- an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
- flagella
- a long cellular appendage specialized for locomation.
- mitochondria
- an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
- stroma
- within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane.
- golgi apparatus
- an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.
- intermediate filaments
- a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
- lysosome
- a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists.
- endoplasmic reticulum
- an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
- myosin
- a type of protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
- chloroplasts
- an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds form carbon dioxide and water.
- mitochondrial matrix
- the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.
- centrosome
- structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center.
- ribosomes
- a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
- thylakoids
- a flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplasts
- microtubules
- a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and its found in cilia and flagella.
- chromatin
- the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome.
- proteoglycans
- a glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells.
- transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells.
- electron microscope (EM)
- a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.
- endomembrane system
- the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer ot membranous vesicles.
- dyneins
- in cilia and flagella, a large contractile protein extending from one microtubule doublet to teh adjacent doublet.
- extracellular matrix (ECM)
- the substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells.
- smooth ER
- that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
- cell wall
- a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.
- actin
- a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells.
- central vacuole
- a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
- cristae
- an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase).
- organelles
- and of the several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
- fibronectin
- a glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix.
- cell fractionation
- the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation.
- granum
- a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast.
- glycoproteins
- a protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
- phagocytosis
- a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell.
- cortex
- the outer region of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell, lying just under the plasma membrane, that has a more gel-like consistency than the inner regions.
- cytoskeletons
- a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughtout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
- middle lamella
- in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells.
- nucleus
- an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. the chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. a cluster of neurons.
- nucleolus
- a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromatin regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.
- plasma membrane
- the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition.
- centrioles
- a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern.
- transport vesicles
- a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
- scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography.
- nucleoid
- a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
- pseudopodia
- a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
- rough ER
- that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
- motor proteins
- a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.
- plastids
- one of the family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
- primary cell wall
- in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.
- eukaryotic cell
- a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
- cytoplasmic streaming
- a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
- food vaculoes
- a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.
- cilia
- a short cellular appendage containing microtubules.
- microfilaments
- a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.