West. Civ. Finals
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- What was the cause for the Boxer Rebellion?
- too many foreigners in China
- Why did Japan make the decision to westernize in the late 1800's?
- so that they would not become a victim of imperialism
- During the rule of the Hanover Dynasty
- the Office of Prime Minister emerged
- The expansion plans of Cecil Rhodes in South Africa were a major cause for the
- Boer War
- William and Mary became the co-rulers of England as a result of the
- Glorious Revolution
- England would gain control of the Suez Canal in the 1850's by
- buying the majority of Egypt's stock in the canal
- The Meiji Restoration led to the modernization of
- Japan
- Risorgimento Movement
- wanted to unite Italy under one Italian ruler
- Open Door Policy
- all countries could trade equally with China, proposed by John Hay
- Guantanamo Bay
- a U.S. naval base in Cuba
- Otto von Bismarck
- became the Chancellor of Prussia and united Germany
- Recognized as the first official British Prime Minister
- Robert Walpole
- He was the author of the Open Door Policy
- John Hay
- Overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established the Chinese Republic in 1911.
- Sun Yet Sen
- Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa
- Boers
- The major cause for the Spanish American War
- Sinking of the Maine
- The "architect" of Italian unity
- Cavour
- What incident was a major cause for the start of World War I
- Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated
- What policies led to the downfall of the Provisional Government in Russia in November, 1917?
- Kerensky kept Russia in the war
- How did Stalin and Trotsky differ in their views of Communism?
-
Trotsky-internationalist, believed all the world should be turned to communist immediately
Stalin-nationalist, believed all of Russia should convert to communism and then the rest of the world - What was the purpose for Lenin's establishment of the NEP?
- for a temporary return to Capitalism to restore the economic conditions in Russia
- The Populist Party of the 1890's was supported mostly by
- farmers
- The most important issue that united the Populist party was
- the economic concept of free silver
- Who were the three progressive Presidents?
-
Theodore Roosevelt
William H. Taft
Woodrow Wilson - President Wilson believed that the most important of his Fourteen Points was the
- establishment of a League of Nations
- Of the following, the president whose administration initiated the most anti-trust proceedings was that of
- William H. Taft
- The concept of the Five Year Plan for economic development was started in Russia by
- Joseph Stalin
- Major reforms aimed at improving U.S. society were brought about due to the
- Progressive Era
- The devastating weapon that dominated World War I was the
- machine gun
- The most severe terms of the Treaty of Versailles were applied to
- Germany
- Muckrakers
- investigative writers that publicised the problems of society : Lincoln Steffins and Ida Tarbell
- Zimmerman Note
- proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico and was a cause for U.S. participation in WWI
- Blank Check Clause
- reparation payment by Germany, where they had to pay an unnamed sum
- AEF
- American troops that fouhgt in France in WWI
- His book publicised the political corruption found in the big cities of the U.S.
- Lincoln Steffins
- Title given to Theodore Roosevelt's presidency
- Square Deal
- Type of land warfare characteristic of WWI
- Trench Warfare
- Commanded U.S. forces that fouhgt in WWI
- John Jake Pershing
- Influential Wisconsin political leader who started the Progressive Era on the local level
- Robert LaFollette
- Term used for the secret ballot that was adopted in the U.S. during the progressive era
- austrailian ballot
- This nation's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare played a major part in the entry of the U.S. into WWI
- Germany
- What dangerous political situation developed because of the bad economic conditions after World War
- led to development of totalitarian government led by dictators
- What was the overall theory of the New Deal?
- try something and if that doesn't work, try something else
- How did Hitler gain power ?
- through the political process
- During the 1920's in Germany, the Weimar Republic
- was blamed for losing the war
- The major reason for the U.S. eventually recovering from the Great Depression was
- the start of the war preparedness program in 1939
- The only country to establish a communist dictatorship between world wars was
- Russia
- Between world wars, the country that suffered the most from uncontrolled inflation was
- Germany
- In 1922, Mussolini gained power in Italy as result of the
- March on Rome
- President Hoover's immediate approach in dealing with the Depression was
- "rugged individualism"
- The major event in the increase in membership to the Nazi Party in Germany was
- the rapid increase in unemployment caused by the depression
- A Fascist government is the modern version of
- an absolute monarchy
- After becoming Chancellor, Hitler began his goal of
- uniting all German-speaking peoples
- Between world wars, the major problem faced by most nations involved
- the economy
- Command economy
- dictatorship and totalitarian governments
- Mein Kampf
- the book that Hitler wrote for his plan for Germany
- Event that marked the start of the Great Depression in the U.S.
- Stock Market Crash
- dictatorship on the far left of the political scale
- communism
- social class that supports the dictatorship to the political left
- lower class
- dictatorship on the far right of the political scale
- facism
- social class that supports the far right dictatorship
- upper and middle
- political party that grew out of the German Worker's Party
- NAZI's
- title given to FDR's presidency
- New Deal
- What was the significanece of the presidental election of 1940?
- Roosevelt broke the two term tradition
- What was the reason for the policy of appeasement followed by the western democracies in the 1930's?
- to make sure that their countries would not get involved in another WWI because it was so bad
- What did Hitler and Stalin sign in 1939?
-
a non-agression treaty
Hitler(Germany)
Stalin(Russia) - Hitler's first succesfful aggressive territorial move was his occupation of
- the Rhineland
- In September, 1940, Roosevelt made a destroyer for bases deal with
- Churchill
- Hitler's decision to try and defeat England by air power alone, led to the
- Battle of Britain
- As a result of the Munich Conference, Hitler was allowed to occupy
- Czechoslovakia
- England and France declared war on Germany as a result of Hitler's
- invasion of Poland
- The first sea battle to be fought by air plans only was the Battle of
- The Coral sea
- In December of 1917, the Balfour Declaration
- favored the creation of a Jewish national state
- Manhattan Project
- allied program set up by FDR to develop an atomic bomb
- Operation Overlord
- allied code name plan to invade France
- Zionism
- movement started in the 1800's which hoped to start an independent Jewish state in the Middle East
- lend lease act
- President FDR had authority to provide military supplies to any ally under any of his terms
- new type of warfare used by Germany that overran Polan in a month
- Blitzkreig
- Two factors that enabled England to win the Battle of Britan
-
radar
RAF(Royal Airforce) - it was a restatement of Wilson's Fourteen Points
- Atlantic Charter
- It was the site of the Allied landings in France on June 6, 1944.
- Normandy
- Target of the first atomic bomb
- Hiroshima
- This battle was the turning point in the Pacific war
- Midway
- He commanded the Allied landings in France on D-Day
- Eisenhower
- He violated the Treaty of Versailles when he annexed Austria to his Third Reich
- Hitler
- British Prime Minister in the 1930's who believed in world peace through appeasement
- chamberlain
- What precedent was set with Pope Stephen II's crowning of Pepin the Short?
- pope claimed the authority to put rulers in or depose them
- What role did immunities play in the decline of Charlemagne's empire?
- government breakdown
- What was the goal of the manor and the result?
-
goal: self sufficiency
result: great decline of trade - A feudal land grant given by a Lord to a vassal was called a
- fief
- The major obligation of a vassal was
- military service
- The Donation of Pepin was a land grant which eventually became
- The Papal States(Vatican)
- Charles Martel kept western Europe from becoming part of the Islamic empire by
- defeating the Moors at the Battle of Tours
- The Carolingian Dynasty was named after
- Charlemagne
- As pope, Innocent III
- brought the Church to the peak of its power in the Middle Ages
- The area of western Europe ruled by Charlemagne became known as the
- Holy Roman Empire
- A Lord who was captured in battlew ould be ransomed by his
- vassals
- Treaty of Verdun
- split up Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons
- Mayor of the Palace
- ran the empire for the Merovingian kings
- lay investiture
-
when a lay person appoints a clergy member
ex. the king appoints a bishop - City of God
- written by Saint Augustine used by Charlemagne to rule his empire
- the system of agriculture used on the manor
- 3 field system
- 2 reasons for burning heretics at the stake
-
1. example
2. purify soul - title given to Charlemagne by Pope Leo III on Christmas day in the year 800
- Holy Roman Emperor
- the most feared Barbarian invaders of the 9th and 10th centuries
- vikings
- the center of life during the Middle Agesq
- manor
- the group of peasants who were bound to the land
- serfs
- church court established in the Middle Ages to deal with heresy
- court of inquisition
- Why did Henry I of England establish a system of traveling judges throughout the country?
- to get rid of Feudal law and replace it with the kings law
- What problems did the Capetian Dynasty have to solve in order to establish a strong monarchy in France?
- gave English kings more land in France
- Into what two groups did England's Parliament become divided and what one power idd early Parliament have?
- House of Lords and House of Commons, their only power was to approve new tax laws
- To keep the kingdom of France from being divided, the custom of primogeniture was established by
- Hugh Capet
- The coronation of William the Conquerer in London in 1066 led to the establishment of the
- Norman Dynasty
- As a consequence of the reign of Alfred the Great
- a strong navy became a basic British policy
- Joan of Arc
- inspired the French to victory in the 100 years war
- Magna Carta
- made the king subject to the law in England
- War of the Roses
- struggle over British throne between Lancasters and Yorks, Henry Tudor won
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
- Alfred the Great ordered monks to write about the History of England
- long bow
- weapon that dominated the 100 years war
- Bayeaux Tapestry
- tapestry that tells of William of Normandy's conquest of England
- This country eventually won the Hundred Years war
- France
- victory in this battle gained William of Normandy the English throne
- Battle of Hastings
- British assembly which was created as a resutl of a noble uprising led by Simon de Montfort
- Parliament
- he was murdered in his cathedral at Canterbury
- Thomas Beckett
- The Treaty of Troyes made Henry V of England aslo king of this country
- France
- Henry Tudor defeated him to win the War of the Roses
- Richard III
- Crime for which Joan of Arc was tried and found guilty
- heresy
- Why did the middle class tend to support the political authority of kings over nobles?
- because of the benefits they could gain from uniform law from the kings
- How did the philosophical concepts of Ablard and Aquinas differ?
-
Abelard-used the concept of reason only
Aquinas-used the concepts of reason and faith - How did Gothic architecture get its name?
- from the Italians, to ridicule the new style as barbaric
- Dante criticized society by using
- the souls of the dead
- The revival of trade led to the
- growth of towns in western Europe
- In the early Middle Ages, literature was kept alive by
- songs of the troubadours
- During the Great Western Schism
- three different individuals claimed to be pope
- conciliarism
- developed by council of constance, which made church council superior to pope, which ended the western schism
- avignon papacy
- popes ruled from France, instead of Rome
- free status
- most important of the rights of the townspeople, which said: if a person lived in a town for a year and one day unchallanged, then that person was free
- city captured by the fourth crusade
- constantinople
- country in western europe in which trade revived
- italy
- town organization which was made up of skilled workers only
- craft guild
- his Summa Theologica was intended to prove all Church doctrine
- thomas aquinas
- document by which feudal lords granted freedom to towns on their fiefs
- charters of liberty
- his Canterbury Tales is considered to be the first book in modern English
- Jeffrey Chaucer
- their persecution of Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land led to the Crusades
- seljuk turks
- architectural feature which made Gothic architecture possible
- flying buttresses
- What were two characteristics of humanism?
- Renaissance in thought characterized by life is worth living
- What was naturalism and what factors led to its development?
- the Renaissance in art-the ability to make paintings look real with shading, perspective, and color
- how did the concept of the universe differ between Copernicus and Kepler?
-
both believed in the theory of heliocentric
Copernicus-perfect circles
Kepler-ellipses - What was the long range significance of Newton's scientific concept of natural law?
- it would be used by other scholars in other fields of knowledge
- How did the view of salvation differ between Luther and Calvin?
-
Luther-Salvation by Faith Alone
Calvin-Predestination - Hans Holbein gained importance during the Renaissance for his
- portraits of famous people
- Galileo was forced to appear before the Court of the Inquisition for his
- theory of the universe
- John Tetzel played a role in the start of the Reformation in Germany with his
- exaggerated claims on indulgences
- Michelangelo produced the
- ceiling of the Sistene Chapel
- The ruler of each German state picked the religion of his state according to the
- Peace of Augsburg
- The order of succession to the English throne as established by Henry VII was to be
- Edward-Mary-Elizabeth
- The peace of augsburg resulted in
- a religiously divided Germany
- the act of supremacy
- made the ruler of England head of its church
- The purpose of the Council of Trent was the
- bringing about of Church reform
- The Prince
- written by Machiavelli; was a guide for rulers about how they should rule based on "the ends justify the means"
- 95 Theses
- written by Martin Luther, criticising church doctrine, challanging someone to debate him
- the city of the Renaissance
- florence
- greatest dramatist of the Renaissance
- Shakespeare
- significant improvement credited to John Gutenburg
- moveable type
- church created in England by Elizabeth I
- anglican church
- the famous portrait painted by DaVinci
- mona lisa
- the theory of the universe according to Ptolemy
- geocentric
- the two groups of English Calvinists
- Puritans and Pilgrims
- social class attracted to Calvinism
- middle class
- major religious changes in England took place during:
- the reigns of Henry VIII's children
- what was the long range significance of LaSalle's voyage down the Mississippi River in 1682?
- blocked westward expansion of Britain
- What were the two major policies of Peter the Great?
- westernization and warm water seaports
- What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris in 1763?
- France lost all of their north american empire
- what was the consequence of the defeat of the Armada?
- decline of Spain
- Fredinand and Isabella's marriage began:
- the unification of Spain
- the nation whose overseas empire was founded by private trading companies was
- England
- during the reign of Philip II
- Spain experienced a Golden Age
- Richelieu's goal for France was completed by
- Cardinal Mazarin
- Russia was to be the successor of the Byzantine Empire, or the 3rd Rome, according to
- Ivan IV
- The expansionist policies of Louis XIV would result in
- four World Wars
- Line of Demarcation
- a line drawn by the pope to prevent Spain and Protugal from fighting over possessions (colonies)
- Versailles
- where Louis XIV built the palace to symbolize the greatness of France
- Edict of Nantes
- passed by Henry IV, gave religious and political freddom to the Hugenots
- one result of Mongol rule on Russia
- no Renaissance
- First European nation to build an overseas empire
- Portugal
- The empire builder that was a "true colonizer"
- Spain
- Catherine the Great took part in the partition of Poland with both of these nations
- Prussia and Austria
- The Alliance formed by William III which defeated Louis XIV in the War of the Spanish Succession
- Grand Alliance
- title taken by Russian rulers, meaning "Caesar"
- Tsar
- Phase of the Seven years war fought in America
- French and Indian War
- Since they colonized the same areas, a potential for conflict existed between these two nations
- France and England
- Richeulieu's goal:
- to make the king supreme in France, and France supreme in Europe