pathology - neoplasia, nervous sys., infectious dis.

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axon synapse with dendrite: axodendritic
axon synapse with cell body: axosomatic
axon synapse with axon: axoaxonic
dendrite synapse with axon: dendroaxonic
dendrite synapse with dendrite: dendrodendritic
dendrite synapse with cell body: dendrosomatic
cell body synapse with axon: somatoaxonic
cell body synapse with cell body Â–uncommon, between efferent nuclei: somatosomatic
Proprioception Â– internal joint and tendon neurons in the dorsal horn: SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT
skin sensory neurons in the dorsal horn: GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT
GI related, taste, smell neurons in the dorsal horn: SPECIAL VISCERAL AFFERENT
GI, bladder, heart, vessels neurons in the dorsal horn: GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT
preganglion of ANS vetranl horn motor neurons (output assoc. OA and LMN): GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT
Â– branched arch of skeletal m. Â– chew, pharynx, larynx ventral horn motor neurons (output assoc. OA and LMN): PHARYNGEAL EFFERENT
somite-derived muscles of head and body, motor activity ventral horn motor neurons (OA and LMN): GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT
higher levels of the brain that allow conscious interpretation and memory: Central Procession
distorted map of head and body surface proportional to density of cortical neurons that process sensory afferents from periphery: Sensory Homunculus
the process of sensing pain, receptors are called nociceptors: Nociception
Receptors are activated in response to active or impending tissue injury.: Nociceptive Pain
Pain that arises from direct injury to nerves.: Neuropathic Pain
afferent nociceptor fibers that sense fast pain, mechanical stimuli: A? fibers
afferent nociceptor fibers that sense slow-wave pain Â– slower onset or longer duration; chemical , persistent mechanical, persistent thermal: C fibers
extreme sensitivity to pain: hyperalgesia
time of endurance (or maximum intensity) before the person wants to do something about the pain influenced by: psychological, cultural, familial, environmental factors: pain tolerance
the point at which noxious stimulus is perceived as pain: pain threshold
pain that is perceived to be at a different point than the point of origin: referred pain
superficial structures; skin and subcutaneous; sharp, bright, burning; slow or fast onset: cutaneous
periosteum, muscles, tendons, joints, blood vessels; diffues; radiation of pain sometimes: deep somatic
visceral organs; transmitted by small unmyelinated fibers; ANS nervous responses of nausea, vomit, sweat, pallor, sometimes shock: Visceral (splanchnic)
less than 6 months. Anxiety and secondary reflex musculoskeletal spasms; intermittent or persistent.: chronic
disease or injury to peripheral nerves. Intractable sensory disturbances. Numbness, parasthesias, pain. Persistent or intermittent. Stabbing, jabbing, burning, shooting: Neuropathic
severe, brief, sometimes repetitive attacks of sharp shooting or throbbing pain. Along the spinal or cranial nerve. Trigeminal nerve. Postherpetic nerve.: Neuralgia
reflex sympathetic dystrophy trauma to a nerve, soft tissue, broken bone: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I
Â– reflex sympathetic causalgia trauma to a nerve, soft tissue, broken bone: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome II
a type of neurologic pain: Phantom Limb
unicellular organisms that have an outer coating or cell wall in addition to a plasma membrane but no or few intracellular organelles. n Possess DNA but lack nucleus, mitochondria, etc.: bacteria
fragments of the bacterial cell membrane (lipopolysaccharides) are responsible for temperature increase: exogenous pyrogens
1. Damage tissues at their sites of replication 2. release toxins that enter the blood which result in systemic symptoms 3. toxins that cause damage Â– food poisoning: Ways bacteria cause illness
rod bacteria that are spiral in shape Lyme disease, syphilis: spirochetes
very small self replicating organisms less than 1/3 the size of bacteria Â– Possess a cell membrane but not a cell wall thus immune to cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics such as penicillin and the cephalosporins Â– Possess a small DNA genome: mycoplasmas
intracellular pathogens similar to viruses, but produce a rigid cell wall like bacteria Â– Contain RNA and DNA like bacteria, but reproduce by asexual division Â– Scavenge essential nutrients and ATP from the host: Rickettsia, chlamydiae, Ehrlichieae and coxiella
Consist of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat. DNA is inserted into the hostÂ’s DNA lack both the enzymatic machinery for metabolism and the ribosomes essential for protein synthesis.: viruses
Viruses that have the ability to transform normal hosts cells into malignant cells during the replication cycle. cervical cancer, kaposi's sarcoma: oncogenic viruses
These insert into the hostÂ’s DNA and remain dormant for years. herpes, mono, cytomegalovirus: latent viruses
1. replicate, kill host cell and lyse it, releasing more. 2. lie dormant, and begin replication much later. 3. transform normal cells into malignant cells.: ways viruses cause illness
Which infections predominate in US?: viral, bacterial
Which infections predominate globally?: parasitic
1. responsible for Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and Kuru in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease in animals 2. an infectious agent that lacks DNA or RNA, lacks a cell membrane or wall, possesses no cellular organelles 3. a: prion
These infections are usually self limiting; limited to skin or subcutaneous tissues. Serious infections are initiated through puncture or inhalation.: Fungus
protozoa, helminths and arthropods: parasites
worm-like parasites including roundworms, tapeworm, and flukes Â– Acquired by ingestion of eggs: helminths
vectors of infectious diseases (such as mosquitoes, lice and fleas) as well as ectoparasites including mites (scabies), and lice (head, body, pubic): arthropods
unicellular animals with well defined cell membrane, nucleus and organelles Â– responsible for diseases such as malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis: protozoa
the study of factors, events and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious diseases among humans: epidemiology
incidence, portal of entry, source, symptoms, disease course, site of infection and virulence factors: how infectious diseases are classified
the number of new cases that occur in a defined population (eg., per 100000) over a period of time (yearly): incidence
the number of active cases of an infectious disease at any given time: prevalence
if the incidence and prevalence of an infectious disease are expected and stable: endemic
an abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates: epidemic
spread of disease beyond borders: pandemic
process by which a pathogen enters the body, gains access to succeptible tissues, and causes disease: Portal of entry
direct entry through a defect in skin or mucous membranes: penetration
Classic example include the STDÂ’s Â– can also include vertical transmission from mother to child: direct contact
entry through the oral cavity - classic examples include food poisoning (bacterial), fecal-oral ingestion of viral particles (hepatitis, Norwalk and Rotavirus): ingestion
bacterial, viral and fungal: inhalation
location, host, object, or substance from which the infectious agent was acquired: source
an infection acquired from the host itself: opportunistic infection
infections that develop while hospitalized: nosocomial infections
infections acquired outside the hospital setting: community acquired
the signs and symptoms expressed by the host n Also referred to as the clinical picture or disease presentation Can be specific or nonspecific: symptomatology
an infectious disease can be divided into distinguishable stages after entry of the pathogen: Course of Infectious Disease
the pathogen begins active replication Â– may be short (hours) or prolonged (6 months Â– hepatitis): incubation
Â– the initial appearance of symptoms which may be quite vague: prodromal
period when the patient experiences the maximum symptoms: acute
characterized by containment of the pathogen and elimination Â– may last for days, weeks or months: convalescent
Â– total elimination of the pathogen without residual signs or symptoms of the disease Â– Notable exceptions include chronic infection, subclinical or subacute illness, fulminant illness: resolution
protracted illness continuously or sporadically over months or years Â– hepatitis C is a classic example of a chronic infection: chronic infection
diseases that progress from infection to resolution without symptoms: subclinical or subacute
diseases that have a protracted prodromal stage (chronic pyelonephritis) Â– patients are usually unaware they have a disease until very advanced: insidious
abrupt onset of severe symptoms with little or no prodromal stage Â– death frequently ensues: fulminant illness
a general term used to describe inflammation of a particular tissue without respect to bacterial, viral infection, or noninfectious causes: itis
denotes substances in the blood: -emia
the presence of microbial toxin in the blood: sepsis, septicemia
substances or products that are generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease Â– These include toxins, adhesion factors, evasive factors and invasive factors: virulence factors
proteins released from bacteria that affect cell function Â– Classically these include diptheria toxin which inhibits protein synthesis and botulism toxin that inhibits neurotransmitter release - can induce bleeding and clotting by damaging end: exotoxins
fragments of bacterial cell wall and thus classified as lipopolysaccharides Â– contribute to the inflammatory process by acting as chemotactic factors, causing fever: endotoxins
process by which a pathogen attaches to the host: adhesion factors
pathogens employ extracellular polysaccharides, slime, and mucous to discourage phagocytosis: evasive factors
in order to do this, you need to recover the pathogen or find evidence of its presence from the infected site and document of the clinical signs and symptoms: diagnosis
culture serology antigen detection via antibodies DNA/RNA detection PCR polymerize chain reaction: ways to diagnose
antibacterial agents anitiviral agents antifungal agents immunotherapy: ways to treat infectious diseases
condyloma acuminata caused by HPV, associated with cervical cancer: genital warts
caused by HSH II; neurotrophic, highly-cantagious. Produce single or multiple vesicles that rupture.: Genital Herpes
Most frequently reported STD causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men, purulent urethritis usually develops: gonorrhea
Most commonly transmitted STD difference here is because chlamydia frequently produce asymptomatic urithritis epididymitis, and prostatitis People have the disease without knowing: chlamydia
causative agent: spirochete Treponema pallidum 3 stages of the infection: primary (lesions), secondary (general malaise, fever), tertiary (gummas, dementia): syphilis
Material of very low density that must be enclosed to keep together.No definite shape. No definite volume, but they completely fill a container. The volume of the container is the volume of the gas in it. A gas exerts a pressure on all sides of the conta: gases
1 mol of gas at STP =: 22.4 L
Pt = P1 + P2, ...Pn: daltons law of partial pressures
PV=nRT where, P - pressure, V volume, n #of mols, R universal gas constant (STP), T temp: ideal gas law
has less O2 and more CO2 than the environment: alveoli
at this stage, a cell may leave the cell cycle and either remain in an inactive state or reeneter the cell cycle at another time. most variable time 8 hrs. to a year: G0 phase
at this stage the cell is post mitosis. DNA synthesis ends RNA and protein synthesis Cell growth 8 hours to a year: G1
at this stage, DNA replication occurs and yields 2 sets of chromosomes 10 - 20 hours: S - Main Phase I
G1, S, G2: Interphase
premitotic phase DNA stops RNA and protein synthesis - yes 2-10 hours: G2
cell division 0.5 to 1 hour: Mitosis - (Main Phase II)
these control the entry and progression through the cell cycle, they are synthesized at specific phases and then degrade: cyclins
these regulate cyclin-CDK complexes: CDK inhibitor proteins
programmed cell death: apoptosis
cell division for reproduction and to replace dying cells. The number is regulated so that the number of dying = number replaced.: cellular proliferation
ovum and sperm these have 1/2 the normal number of chromosomes (haploid): gametes
all cells except gametes have both sets of chromosomes (diploid): somatic cells
cells that cannot divide and reproduce neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells: well-differentiated cells
cells that continue to divide and reproduce blood, skin, liver: progenitor or parent cells
naive cells that can be stimulated to enter a cell cycle and differentiate: undifferentiated stem cells
preset and programmed expression of genes at certain part of cell growth to Â“turn onÂ” specific new genes for discrete cell types: cell differentiation
one differentiated cell per stem: unipotent
fertilized egg: totipotent
small number of differentiated cell types per stem: oligopotent
many differentiated cell types per stem: pluripotent
new, uncoordinated growth; relatively autonomous; lacks normal regulatory controls of cell growth and division. Tends to keep growing. Growths serve no useful purpose, do not occur in response to an appropriate stimulus, and continue to grow at the expen: neoplasm; neoplasia
cancerous; undifferentiated (do not resemble tissue of origin), invading, canÂ’t break off Â– metastasize: malignant
noncancerous; well differentiated (resemble tissue of origin), usually non-invading, non-metastasizing (not breaking off into pieces, not spreading).: benign
swelling caused by many things including inflammation, trauma, neoplasms: tumor
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue: carcinoma
malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin: sarcoma
benign microscopic or macro finger-like projections on surface: papilloma
marked neopplastic changes in cells that are found localized to tissue of origin before invasion: cancer in situ
grow by expansion: benign
infiltrate and invade surrounding tissue; synthezise and secrete enzymes that breakdown proteins: malignant
cancer cells get into body spaces - peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, joint: seeding
secondary tumor in a different location; lymphatic spread; hematogenic spread; some types of preferential spread (like prostate to bone): metastasis
length of time for total mass to double in cell number: doubling time
process by which a normal cell is transformed to a malignant cell following exposure to carcinogenic agents: carcinogenesis
a term to describe how a normal cell becomes a cancer cell: transformation
1. DNA damage (mutation) from exposure 2. unregulated growth promoters 3. development of malignant tumor: initiator - promotion - progression model
process by which a normal cell is transformed to a malignant cell from dysfunction of genes that control cellular growth (mutated from proto-oncogenes) or that suppress tumors (inhibit cell proliferation): oncogene and tumor supression gene model
1. viruses 2. environmental factors (carcinogens) 3. inheritance of defective gene 4. in vivo conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogene: Methods of triggering cancer

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