WC: Byzantines and Slavs; Islamic Civilization
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- Who is the prayer leader that guides in prayer at mosque (Islam)?
- imam
- The population didn't support Leo III's order, and in 787 A.D., - .
- a church council approved the use of icons
- Islam: All areas of life placed under divine law given to Muhammad and recorded in - .
- Quran
- Georgia was once part of a kingdom known as - .
- Colchis
- Within the Islamic community, many people of Yathrib accepted Muhammad as - and - .
- messenger of god and ruler of city
- What was the small but prosperous town located near vital land and water routes?
- Moscow
- The Moscow Church used - instead of Greek or Latin in church.
- Russian
- What did the Eastern Slavs use for transportation? What did this result in?
- rivers; became a trade area
- Who was commanded to honor parents, show kindness to neighbors, protect orphans/widows, give generously to poor; murder, stealing, lying, and adultery condemned?
- Islams, by the Quran
- In the 1000's A.D., who won control of Armenia?
- Seljuk Turks (then the Ottomans, Persians, and Russians)
- When the Muslims defeated Makkans and won support of many - .
- Arab groups outside Madinah
- Acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy tended to - Eastern Slavs from - .
- isolate; the outside world
- Moscow leaders stressed the importance of obedience to - and - .
- czar and government
- Who built the Hagia Sophia, "Holy Wisdom," in Constantinople, which was the largest most beautiful church in the Byzantine Empire?
- Justinian
- In which city did Muhammad laid foundation of Islamic state?
- Madinah
- In 532 A.D., a revolt of taxpayers in Constantinople threatened the government. Justinian was told to leave, but - told him to be strong. What was the result?
- Theodora; never challenged again
- Mu'awiyah wanted revenge for his uncle's murder and accused who?
- Ali's supporters
- Besides Roman traditions and Latin, what other language and culture did the Byzantine Empire preserve?
- Greek
- Which Islamic dynasty made Arabic the official language, minted currency, built roads, established postal routes.
- Umayyads
- The Byzantine empire was the - half of the divided Roman Empire.
- eastern
- The Quran forbade the use of - in winning converts, but if you died in a jihad you would immediately enter paradise.
- force
- In what year was Constantinople built?
- 330 A.D.
- What is the word for the submission to the will of Allah
- Islam
- During Justinian's reign, the - in the east, under - , was a serious military threat.
- The Sassanian Empire of Persia; Chosroes
- Which city was encouraged by the development of a unique national style of icon painting/building construction?
- Moscow
- What are church officials like priests and bishops?
- clergy
- What city is still a center of government, religion and culture today for Russia?
- Moscow
- Who defeated the Russian armies and conquered the Slavs?
- The Mongols
- What brought Arabs into contact with other civilizations and changed Arab history?
- Islam
- In the 700's A.D., a dispute broke out over the use of - in the Christian religion in the Byzantine Empire.
- icons
- Which city, the center of Islam, became known as Madinat al-Nabi ('the city of the prophet') or Madinah?
- Yathrib
- What are people who carry a religious message called, in this case sent from Byzantine monastaries?
- Missionaries
- - of Moscow supported his people in their refusing to pay taxes
- Ivan III
- What were religious images called?
- icons
- One of Ali's most powerful rivals, - , governor of Syria, had an uncle who was a caliph (and was murdered).
- Mu'awiyah
- During Justinian's reign, the - thrived and achieved their distinct character.
- arts, architecture
- What kept empires in northern part of region from invading Arab lands?
- Geographic remoteness
- In 1204 A.D., who agreed to help the Venetians attack Constantinople, burning and destroying nearly every important thing in the city?
- Christian soldiers
- Why were the Arabs successful in conquering so many countries?
- because their faith was unifying (one goal- spread Islam)
- What did Byzantine literature focus on?
- Salvation of the soul and obedience to God's will
- When the Makkans invaded Yathrib, what did the Muslims do?
- Muslims retaliated in self-defense
- What was the most popular form of art in the Byzantine Empire, that portrayed saints and other religious figures?
- Icons
- To Muslims, Allah is same god as God of - and - .
- Jews and Christians
- What is another word for religious teachings?
- Theology
- What occurs in month of Ramadan (9th month in Muslim calendar)?
- fasting
- The conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy brought - to Kievan Rus.
- Byzantine culture
- Islam: Decreed all Muslims to place loyalty to Islamic community above loyalty to - .
- tribe
- What role did Byzantine emperors play in church affairs?
- appointed church officials; defined the style of worship; used the wealth of the church for government purposes
- While Muslim armies were fighting, rival groups fought for the what?
- caliphate
- What are temporary rulers, in this case describing the ranks that some educated women achieved?
- Regents
- In ancient times many Arabs were - , nomads who herded sheep/camel/goats and lived in tents of felt from camel/goat hair).
- Bedouin
- Who came from central Asia and defeated the Byzantines, forcing them to ask the Pope for help?
- Seljuk Turks
- Islam: Extended protection to Jews and Christians who accepted - .
- the political authority of the Islamic community
- What are pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster, a form of art the Byzantines excelled in?
- Mosaic
- Hajj is a visible expression of Muslim - .
- unity
- Who were the most successful missionaries who reasoned that people would be more inclinded to accept it if it was in their own language?
- Cyril and Methodius
- What happened when Ali asked Mu'awiyah to step down from his government position?
- Mu'awiyah refused; they began fighting
- What did the control of Kiev enable Oleg to do?
- Dominate the water trade route
- Islam: Disputes settled by whom?
- Muhammad
- Though women were supposed to live partly in seclusion, they gained some rights because of - .
- Theodora
- What peninsula is between Red sea and Persian Gulf?
- Arabian
- What were Emperor Leo III's supporters called?
- Iconoclasts, "image breakers"
- Who was the prophet of Islam, born in Makkah ~ AD 570?
- Muhammad
- What is another word for separation, in this case referring to the separation of the Eastern and Western Roman Catholic churches?
- Schism
- In which direction do you face when praying as an Islam?
- towards Makkah
- What was created in 850 A.D., to train scholars and lawyers for government jobs?
- University of Constantinople
- Which group of people viewed Camel/horse races, storytelling and poetry as entertainment?
- Bedouin
- Which missionary developed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Slavic people?
- Cyril
- When 60 Islamic families from Makkah to Yathrib, it was called - .
- Hijrah (emigration)
- The - were among the largest groups living in eastern Europe. They were passed the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox world from the Byzantines.
- the Slavs
- What was the result of Ali's death (regarding his son)?
- his older son renounced his claim to the caliphate
- The capital of Byzantine was - .
- Constantinople
- Merchants persecuted Muhammad and Muslims which persisted until threats against life caused him to seek help outside city, from - .
- Yathrib, a small town north of Makkah
- What were the religious communities formed around the late 300's A.D. throughout the Byzantine empire?
- Monastaries
- From sunrise to sunset, during Ramadan, they don't eat/drink, and during the last three days, there is a - .
- 3 day celebration for end of fast
- What was the source of most Byzantine art?
- Religious subjects
- Quran presents basic moral values of what major religion?
- Islam
- After Rome's fall, who/what was regarded as heir to Roman power and traditions?
- the Byzantine Empire
- Under whose rule did a sophisticated urban civilization developed based on the people?
- Harun al-Rashid
- Justinian's wife, - , was beautiful, intelligent, and ambitious. She actively participated in government, and especially promoted -.
- Theodora; women's rights
- How did Ali die?
- Ali was stabbed by a disillusioned follower
- Eastern Slavs lived in villages made up of - .
- Related family members
- What were the Arab holy men called that denounced worship of idols and belief in one god- rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find Arab form of monotheism?
- Hanifs
- Who seized the Byzantine lands in southern Italy in 1701 A.D.?
- Normans
- Makkah became spiritual capital of - and Madinah remained political capital
- Islam
- Which two kingdoms next to the Byzantine Empire also went through periods of prosperity and decline?
- Armenia and Georgia
- Who was the chief appointed by head of families in an Arab tribe, who was advised by council of elders?
- Sheikh
- Because of the marshy ground, the Mongols never conquered - .
- Novgorod
- Who was employed, as a teen, to a wealthy widow named Kadija (and later married her)?
- Muhammad
- Who was the first woman to hold the Byzantine Empire in her own right, and allowed the use of icons within reason?
- Empress Irene
- The Bedouins lived in tribes of what?
-
related families
- At the height of the Byzantine Empire, it was ruled by - , the son of prosperous peasants from Macedonia.
- Justinian
- As it was an Islamic tradition, Muhammad experienced - , or 'vision'.
- revelation
- Which prince of Novgorod defeated the Swedes?
- Alexander Nevsky
- 'successor:' one was chosen, not to replace Muhammed, but to preserve Islamic culture and tradition
- Caliph
- Who absorbed the Armenians and forced them to pay tribute?
- The Persians
- Why did Arabs value family ties?
- ensured protection and survival in desert
- What did the first Armenians do when they settled in present day Armenia?
- intermarried with the local people; built towns
- Who feared monotheistic worship would end pilgrimages to Makkah?
- wealthy merchants and religious leaders
- - , the youngest son of Nevsky, became the ruler of Moscow.
- Daniel
- Contacts with the Byzantines, Persians, and Ethiopians introduced the Arabs to what two monotheistic religions?
- Judaism and Christianity
- Which Armenian king was converted to Christianity?
- Tiridates III; it was accepted by most Armenians
- Whose armies aquired Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Eqypt, then later the Perisan Empire?
- Arab
- Who built Constantinople?
- Constantine
- Mu'awiyah became the first caliph of the - dynasty
- Umayyad
- On what kind of landform was Constantinople located? What advantage did this give it?
- peninsula; it gave Constantinople control over trade
- How was God's messages expressed in the Quran?
- stories, legends, teachings, and exhortations
- What oath did the emperor/empress take upon being crowned in the Byzantine Empire?
- defend the Christian faith
- When Muhammad died, he left behind what 2 major achievements?
- growth of monotheistic religion, equal to Judaism and Christianity; well organized political-religious community that increased Arab's power and influence
- Who developed the Armenian alphabet?
- Mesorb, an Armenian monk and scholar
- What was the final authority in matters of faith and life style for Muslims?
- Quran
-
The Byzantine citizens who had to pay the heaviest taxes were the:
a) laborers
b) herders
c) farmers - c) farmers. They were expected to support the government, since the basis of the Byzantine Empire was agriculture.
- Muslims destroyed idols in Kaaba and turned shrine into - .
- a place of worship for Muslim pilgrims
- A - is an immense plain, here where the Slavs settled.
- steppe
- Law was separated from what in Islamic society?
- religion
- Who was called the Emperor Who Never Sleeps? Why?
- Justinian; had a unquenchable thirst for knowledge
- The Quran was written in what language?
- Arabic
- In 533 A.D. Justinian began to try to recreate the Roman Empire. After fighting many years, - .
- resources ran low and they lost most of their territory
- Muhammad established beliefs and practices for followers based on - .
- revelations
- In Byzantine religion, who was regarded as God's representatives on earth?
- Emperors
- In 747 A.D., non-Arab Muslims and anti-Umayyad joined together and overwhelmed who?
- Umayyads
- Justinian was most well known for his - , put together by scholars and now serve as the basis for most European legal systems.
- law code
- After Georgia was conquered by - , it slowly declined as it was repeatedly conquered by the same people who conquered the Armenians.
- the Mongols
- Abu'l-'Abbas established what city?
- Baghdad
- What are the territories that Kieven Rus split up into?
- Principalities
- What were the followers of Ali called, who never accepted Mu'awiyah's rule?
- Shiite
- Before the late 900's A.D., the Eastern Slavs believed in what kind of religion?
- Polytheism, nature gods..
- Ali's son was - ; the Shiite reserved the caliphate for him.
- Husayn
- Who was one of the most important grand princes of Kiev?
- Vladimir
- Who heard a voice calling him to be apostle of Allah?
- Muhammad
- Who became Grand Prince after Vladimir died, established the first library, made a legal system, and made many allies by marrying his daughters and sisters to other countries?
- Yaroslav
- Who brought all of the Russian principalities under his rule?
- Ivan III
- Who was the first member of the Kievan nobility to accept Christianity?
- Princess Olga
- Who ordered Muslims to retrieve messages from wherever they could be found, which took 20 yrs?
- Abu Bakr, Muhammad's successor
- Who decided to abandon the old beliefs of Kiev and explore all different kinds of religion?
- Prince Vladimir
- Muhammad's messages, compiled by Abu Bakr was called the - .
- Quran
- Principalities were ruled by - .
- princes
- 800's A.D.: Persian Muslims set up the - dynasty in Bukhara, which became a major commercial, religious, and educational center along with several other cities.
- Samanid dynasty
- The princes of the principalities were assisted by councils of wealthy merchants and landed nobles, called - .
- boyars
- The murders of Ali and Husayn led to a permant - in the Islamic world.
- schism
- What were the rulers of Kiev known as?
- Grand Princes
- According to Muslim tradition, angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over how many years?
- 22
- The arrival of the Vikings at the Eastern Slavic area was recorded in what book?
- Primary Chronicle
- Sunni followed the traditions of Islam, but the Shiite aimed to - .
- destroy the existing caliphate
- Which fortress-village did Prince Oleg conquer?
- Kiev
- Since warfare was an important part of Bedouin life, they strongly believed in - .
- retaliation
- Which Viking leader was asked to reign over the Eastern Slavs?
- Rurik
- The Islamic pilgrimage to Makkah is called - .
- hajj
- What were the major occupations of Eastern Slavic men?
- farmers and hunters
- After Ivan III married Sophia (niece of the last Byzantine emperor) he took the title - .
- Czar
- Since the Eastern Slavs weren't warlike, they depended on the - for protection and leadership.
- Vikings
- What were the farm houses made of sturdy logs built by the Eastern Slavs called?
- Izbas
- New capital of the Umayyads
- Damascus
- The Roman Empire split in the year - .
- 395 A.D.
- Who was Rurik's successor that conquered a fortress-village?
- Prince Oleg
- What was presented in Quran, discussing faith, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Makkah?
- 5 Pillars of Islam
- Which group of Slavs were the ancestors of the modern Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes?
- South Slavs
- Mu'awiyah nearly lost the battle, but then he - , and Ali refused to strike anyone bearing the word of God.
- tied copies of the Quran to the tips of their lances
- Which Slavic culture was greatly influenced by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches?
- South Slavs
- Abbasid Empire reached its height under Caliph - .
- Harun al-Rashid
- Which group of Slavs became today's Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarussians?
- Eastern slavs
- Muhammad's marriage relieved him of financial worries, allowing him to - .
- reflect upon the meaning of life
- Which group of Slavs was the largest group?
- Eastern Slavs
- What is the struggle to introduce Islam to other lands?
- Jihad
- Which group of Slavs were the ancestors of the people of modern day Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia?
- West Slavs
- How did Moscow expand its territory?
- Using war and marriages
- Which group of Slavs settled in the Balkan Peninsula, and were often exposed to the Byzantines?
- South Slavs
- What also emerged in other parts of the crumbling Abbasid Empire?
- Independent states
- What were church members who weren't clergy called?
- laity
- What was the code of law, an organization of Islamic moral rules by legal scholars and theology?
- shari'ah
- Which group of slavs lived in the marshlands, plains, and mountains of east-central europe?
- West slavs
- After Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 A.D., - stood alone as the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- Muscovy
- Who built an independent Armenian kingdom that was defeated and absorbed by the Romans?
- King Tigran II
- "Followers of the way;" majority of the Muslims.
- Sunni
- Who was John of Damascus?
- A Byzantine theologian who defended the use of icons in the Christian church.
- The first four caliphs- (elected for life; were close friends/relatives of Muhammed) were called what?
- The Rightly Guided Caliphs
- Tension heightened between the eastern and western Christian churches in the 700's A.D. when - .
- the Germanic Lombards invaded Italy. The Pope appointed the leader of the Lombards emperor, something only the Byzantine emperor could do.
- Faithful Muslims wrote down/memorized messages, but weren't compiled into one written collection until - .
- after Muhammad died
- What was the major Byzantine industry?
- Weaving silk
- Who was the first caliph (Islam)?
- Abu Bakr
- In 726 A.D., Byzantine Emperor - ordered all icons to be removed from the church, as it led to the worship of idols.
- Leo III
- Who established the Abbasid dynasty, and had a new city built, Baghdad, located on the banks of the Tigris River?
- Caliph Abu'l-'Abbas
- Under which leader did Georgia prosper?
- Queen Tamara
- What did the first four caliphs strive to do?
- Sought to protect, spread Islam
- Constantinople was known as - because of its emperors and language.
- New Rome
- Ivan III married - (niece of the last Byzantine emperor).
- Sophia
- In the Byzantine Empire, one walking through the streets would notice many people in heated discussions over - , which often led to riots.
- religion; ex: the relationship of Jesus the Son to God the Father.
- Who is the leader of the Orthodox church in the Eastern Slavic lands?
- metropolitan
- What religious group invaded Armenia, but failed to conquer the country?
- Muslims
- What was the Arab holy shrine in Makkah called?
- Kaaba
- Who borrowed a lot from the Byzantines, and created their civilization on the foundation of Byzantine religion, law and culture?
- The Slavs
- - ties replaced tribal ties in Arab trading towns.
- Business
- What was the center of social life for most Byzantines?
- Family
- Which dynasty improved conditions for other religious groups; they had to pay a tax, but they were tolerated (monotheism = similarity)?
- Umayyads
- How did the Byzantines feel about moving between the social classes?
- Flexible
- The Muscovites defeated the Mongols at the Battle of - .
- Kulikovo
- What were the books that were decorated with elaborate designs, beautiful lettering, and miniature paintings called?
- Illuminated manuscript; made by the religious scholars of the Byzantine Empire
- Who was called the Money Bag because he was trusted by the Mongols to collect taxes?
- Daniel's son, Ivan III
- What were the advantages to monastaries?
- monks could lead a spritual life as well as help other people and setting a good example as a Christian
- When Husayn returned to reclaim the caliphate, Umayyad troops - .
- massacred all but the women and a young son in a battle
- Who conquered Georgia, built new roads, and introduced their laws and customs?
- The Romans
- During which empire did lands conquered by the Umayyads broke free.
- Abbasid Empire
- After Justinian died, the Lombards took over Italy. The Slavs entered Constantinople, but it was the - who succeeded in conquering the Byzantine Empire.
- Arabs
- Which empire(s) threatened to take over Arab lands?
- Byzantine and Persian
- How should the people of Makkah live their lives?
- in preparation for day of judgment
- Arabs had common language, but lacked - and - to solve problems.
- a sense of unity and central government
- Islamic followers were expected to express devotion in prayers how many times a day?
- five
- Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the trip is expected to make the pilgrimage how many times?
- once in a lifetime at least
- God measured worth of people by - and - .
- devotion and good deeds