Biology terms
Terms
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- palisade mesophyll
- a group of photosynthetic cell assembled together to perform photosynthesis
- phosodiester bond
- bond that connects nucleic acid
- centromere
- specialized region that links chromatids together
- cell theory
- all living organisms are composed of cells; all prokaryotic cell do not have a nucleus; all eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus;all living things come from pre-existing cells through cell division
- anti -codon
- A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
- chitin
- amino beta glucose
- osmosis
- movement of water molecules from a higher level of concentration to alower level of concentration
- genetics
- to study the transfromation between parents and their offspring
- beta glucose
- where the OH group is above carbon 1
- phenotype
- external appearance
- hyptonic solution
- animal cell swell and burst; vacuoles of plant cell swell pushing the cell contents out against the cel wall
- transcription
- when DNA helps produce RNA
- anatomy
- the study the internal structure of organs within the living body
- flagella
- long projection fromthe cell surface that functions to move a sperm cell
- organelle
- small structure within the cells which performs specific functions
- physiology
- to study the function of the organisms
- codon
- A group of three bases in an mRNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid.
- microvilli
- specialized extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells; important in absorption of materials
- pinocytosis
- ingestion of liquid cell particles
- telophase
- one cell completely seperates into 2 cells ready to go into the next phase
- molecular biology
- to study of living things at a molecular level
- saturated fatty acid
- single covalent bond needed to connect carbon
- microtubules
- protein tubules; assist in cell division and help to from cilia and flagella
- meiosis
- the chromosome number changes fro m 2n to 1n haploid
- nucleus
- the control center of the cell; surrounded by double layer nuclear membrane
- anabolism
- build up body mass
- beta glucose
- monomer for cellulose
- stoma
- place in between the guard cell near the lower epidermis
- maltose
- 2 glucose
- mitosis
- the chromosome number changes from 2n to 2n diploid
- granum
- stack of thylakoid membrane
- cuticle
- part of the upper epidermis that holds in water and reflects sunlight
- g1 phase
- synthesis of RNA and protein
- exocytosis
- any substance moving away from the cell
- plasma membrane
- encloses the cytoplasm
- polymer
- consists of many monomer; big molecule
- cilia
- projections from the cell surface that move materials embedded in mucus
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- membrane without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis
- golgi apparatus
- closely packed stacks of membranes; collects,modifies,packages,and distributes protein and lipid molecules
- tissue
- a group of cells assembled together to perform a specific function
- embryology
- to study the development of the embryo
- cristae
- the folding area in the inner membrane of the mitchondria that produce ATP
- taxonomy
- to name and classify living things
- zoology
- the study of animals
- biochemistry
- to study living things with the use of chemicals
- secretory vesicle
- membrane bound sac that pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and releases its contents to the cell's exterior
- peptide bond
- bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another amino acid
- adaptation
- organism cahnges to adapt to their new environment
- lysosome
- produce hydrolytic enzyme to break down the food in the lysosome
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- membrane with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
- homeostasis
- to maintain the internal balance condition within the internal environment
- translation
- produce protein by doubling; translate nitrogen based sequence into amino acid based sequence
- ester bond
- bond that connects the glycerol and fatty acid in fat molecules
- morphology
- the study of the external feature of an living organism
- glycolysis
- the process down that states one molecule of glucose can break down into 2 pyruvate acids and 8 ATP
- centriole
- founder only in animal cell; connected to spindle fibers during mitosis;chromosomes move toward them during cell division
- fatty acid
- compound has two functional groups the carboxylic group and the methyl group
- covalent bond
- bond between 2 elements that share electrons in order to satisfy the octate rule
- stroma
- where dark reaction takes place;place between granum in the chloroplast
- species
- a group of living organisms that have the same number of chromosomes and can produce fertile offspring
- metabolism
- the chemical reaction taken place in the body
- facilitated diffusion
- movement of substances from a higher level of concentration to a lower level of concentration using protein carrier molecules
- diffusion
- movement of substances from a higher level of concentration to a lower level of concentration
- chlorophyll a
- contains CH3 and methyl group
- endocytosis
- any substance moving into the cell
- chlorophyll b
- contains CHO and aldehyde group
- ribosome
- site of protein synthesis
- isomer
- only found in organic compound; same formula but different structure
- Law of segregation
- meiosis similar genes seperate
- mitochondria
- rod shape organelles with an inner and outer membrane; major site of ATP production
- hypertonic solution
- animal cell shrinks;plant cell vacuoles collapse
- variable
- substance being tested in the experiment
- thermodynamics
- the study of interelationship of transfroming into 1 type of energy into another
- photosynthesis
- the process taken place in plant cell which can combine carbon dioxide and water to make glucose in the chloroplast
- histology
- the study of tissue withinnthe living organism's body organs
- tetrad
- four chromatids of a pair of chromosomes
- Law of independent assortment
- different gene combine together put into gametes
- lactose
- 1 glucose+ 1 galactose
- xylem
- conducts water and dissolves minerals carries water upward fro m the root to every part
- cellulose
- type of beta glucose
- nucleotide
- monomer for nucleic acid
- active transport
- movement of substance against gradient concentration to higher concentration
- alpha glucose
- where the OH group is below carbon 1
- solute
- substance being dissolved
- isotonic solution
- animal cell and plant cell remain the same
- phloem
- conducts the nutrients from leaves to the whole part of plant body in roundtrip way
- glycosidic linkage
- bond that connects carbohydrates
- adhesion
- different molecules attract to each other
- cytokinesis
- chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase
- thylakoid membrane
- the membrane where light reaction takes place in granum within chloroplast
- catabolism
- break down body mass
- unsaturated fatty acid
- double or triple covalent bond needed to connect carbon
- sucrose
- 1 glucose + 1 fructose
- octate rule
- each element has 8 electrons in the intermost energy level so it can be stable
- wavelength
- the measurement from crest to crest or trough to trough
- ecology
- the study of interrelationships or interactions between an organism and its environment
- testing cross
- the process where the f1 generation cross to see if the parent is pure or not
- filtration
- movement of particles through the semipermeable membrane
- s phase
- synthesis of DNA
- isotope
- same number of protons different number of neutrons
- Surface Area
- Length X width X number of sides
- nucleolus
- site of ribosomal subunit production
- Volume
- Length X Width X Height
- monomer
- building block of a big molecule
- cytoplasm
- living material surrounding the nucleus of a cell; contains organelles
- prophase
- chromosomes become visible
- solubility
- the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent in any given amount
- amino acid
- monomer for protein
- enzyme
- protein that speeds up the chemical reaction
- eukaryotic cell
- cell with a nucleus
- amino acid
- compound that contains amino group and the carboxylic group
- botany
- the study of plants
- anaphase
- chromosomes move toward the pole
- genotype
- total combination of all types of genes
- alpha glucose
- monomer for starch and glycogen
- solvent
- sunstance dissloving another substance
- cytology
- to study the cell structure and cell function within the tissue
- cohesion
- similar molecules attract to each other
- prokaryotic cell
- cell without a nucleus
- calorie
- energy that can raise 1 degree celcius of 1 gram of pure water from14.5 degree celcius to15.5 degree celcius under one atmosphere
- metaphase
- chromosomes align along the center of the cell
- reproduction
- all organism are capable of producing either asexually or sexually
- cisternae
- found in the endoplasmic reticulum
- phagocytosis
- ingestion of solid cell particles
- g2 phase
- postsynthesis of DNA