Biophysical Pathology

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Purpose of Tissue Response to Injury: Destroy and remove substances recognized as foreign

prevent minor infections from becoming overwelming

prepare damaged tissue for repair
What is Acute Inflammation?: short term

completely resolves

mostly polymorphonuclear leukocytes/ neutrophils
What is Chronic Inflammation?: long term

may or may not be completely resolved
Etiology of Inflammation: Infection
Physical trauma
chemical trauma
irradiation
thermal injury
immunity
ischemia
nutrient deprivation
failure to recognize self
what is a wound: disruption of tissue integrity
what is mechanical injury: incision
what is physical injury: car wreck, burns, etc.
what is an incision: produced by a cutting instrument

wound edges are close together and aligned
what is a contusion: a bruise
what is an abrasion: rubbing or scraping off of epidermis or mucous membrane by friction
what is a laceration: tissue or organ tearing by blunt or irregular instrument

tissues not aligned and not close together

loose flaps of tissue
what is a puncture: piercing of tissue or organ with sharp instrument
projectile or penetrating wound: foreign object enters body at high velocity
Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation: Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (edema)
Dolor (pain)
Functio laesa (alteration in functioning)
Signs of Lymphadenopathy: enlarged lymph node due to filtering
Signs of Lymphangitis: imflammation of lymphatic vessel
Sign of Lymphadentitis: inflammation and localized infection of lymph nodes
for every one degree F the heart rate increase ?: 10
Systemic Lab Signs of Inflammation: elevated WBC
Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Neutrophils function: pyogenic bacteria
Eosinophils function: parasitic worms

allergy
lymphocyte function: viruses
what are the two types of inflammatory repsonses: cellular
vascular
what cell is the first to arrive at inflamed site: neutrophils
Neutrophils have a long or short lifespan?: short
when an increased need for neutrophils is occuring what does the bone marrow produce?: immature neutrophils (bands)
what cell's function is to respond to chemical messengers?: eosinophils
what cell is least abundant of the WBC's?: basophils
which cell functions similar to mast cells?: basophils
where are mast cells located?: mast cells
where are basophils located?: blood stream
what do mast cells and basophils release?: histamine and serotonin
what does basophils release that mast cells do not?: heparin
what does heparin do in inflammatory response?: makes blood thinner so fluid and cells can get to the site faster
where are histiocytes?: in connective tissue

a macrophage
where are microglials?: in the brain

a macrophage
where are Kupffer cells?: in the liver

a macrophage
what is the function of lymphocytes?: immunity
lymphocytes make up what percent of WBC's?: 25%
what are lymphokines?: substances released from T lymphocytes
what attracts monocytes to the area of inflammation?: neutrophils
where are macrophages located?: tissue
what do monocytes/ macrophages do in chronic inflammation?: wall off area that can't be repaired, trap the antigens
what do polymorphonuclear neutrophils secrete?: powerful chemotactic chemicals
why does margination occur?: blood flow slows
blood thickness increases
electrical charge changes
chemical mediators
what is pavementing?: sticking of neutrophils to vascular endothelium

only in veins
what is diapedesis?: when neutrophils squeeze through or pass through the endothelial gaps into tissue
what are the chemotactic factors?: C5a
bacterial components
LTB4 (metabolite of arachidonic acid)
opsonisation: tagging antigen for phagocytosis
initial vascular response is: vasoconstriction
why does vasodialation occur in vascular response?: to increase blood flow and fluid
what does bradykinin do?: powerful vasodilator
induces pain
where is receptor H1: lungs
where is receptor H2: gut
what cells release histamine: platelets
mast cells
basophils
histamine causes: widening of capillaries
decrease in BP
increase gastric juices
tightens smoot muscles of bronchi and uterus
where is serotonin released from?: platelets
GI tract

vasodilation
why are chemicals important in acute inflammation?: vasodilation
emigration
chemotaxis
increased vascular permeability
Where is arachidonic acid released from?: injured cells by phospholipase
two pathways of AA: leukotrienes
prostaglandins
leukotrienes are chemotaxis for: neutrophils and eosinophils
prostaglandins are chemotaxis for: neutrophil chemotaxis
Platelet activating factor is synthesized by what?: endothelial cells
injured tissue
cytokines are made by: lymphocytes
macrophages
what do cytokines do?: assist in inflammatory response
direct growth of bone marrow cells
what does nitric acid do?: relaxes vascular smooth muscle
reduces platelet aggregation
regulates WBC recruitment
aids phagocytic cells
what are complements?: inactive proteins circulating in the blood
what is the classic pathway?: C1- antigen-antibody complexes
what is the alternative pathway?: C3
what does the complement system do?: opsonization
chemotaxis
induce granulation of mast cells
produces cell lysis

HELPS KILL
fibrinogen converts to fibrin in what system?: clotting system
what is the purpose of clotting?: prevents spread of infection
keeps antigens at site of greatest phagocytosis
what factor is hageman factor?: seven
where is kallikrein located?: body fluids
what is the kinin system activated by?: decrease pH
temp change
contact with abnormal surfaces
hageman factor
what does the hageman factor do?: activates coagulation, kinin and fibrinogen systems
what are the good effects of inflammation?: dilute toxins
entry of antibodies
drug transport
fibrin formation
deliver of O2 and nutrients
stimulates immune system
harmful effects of inflammation: digest normal tissue
swelling
inappropriate inflammatory response
labile cells: undergo complete regeneration

epithelium
bone marrow
stable cells: regenerate if stimulated

hepatocytes
endothelium
permanent cells: no regeneration

neurons
cardiac
what happens during chronic inflammation?: foreign material walled off from healthy tissue but not destroyed or removed

scar tissue
what is lost by second intention healing?: tissue
hair follicles
melanocytes
sweat glands
what are keloids?: bulging tumorous scars from abnormalities in collagen synthesis and breakdown

*if removed returns*
exuberant granulation?: excessive scar tissue

*if removed no return*
contracture: migration of wound margins towards center
dehiscence: bursting open of previously closed wound

collagen not strong enough
evisceration: protrusion of abdominal organs
stenosis: narrowing or obstruction of opening by formation of scar tissue around a tubular area
adhesions: inflamed serous or mucous membrane
what is normal count for WBC's: 5 to 10 thousand
Leukopenia: too few WBC
Leukocytosis: too many WBCs
what is the count in neutropenia?: less than 1500
what is the count in agranulocytosis?: less than 200
what is aplastic anemia?: all myleoid cells are low
what percent of WBCs are Neutrophils?: 50 to 70
what percent of WBCs are eosinophils?: 0-4
what percent of WBCs are basophils?: 0-1
what percent of WBCs are Lymphocytes?: 20-40
what percent of WBCs are monocytes?: 1 to 6
in Neutrophilic Leukocytosis what does it mean to "shift to the left": increase in bands (immature)
onset or progression of infection
in Neutrophilic Leukocytosis what does it mean to "shift to the right": decrease in bands
resolution of infection
what is the lab CD 4+ testing for?: helper T cells
what is the lab CD 8+ testing for?: affector T cells
what are B lymphocytes?: humoral mediated immunity
antibodies
fight bacteria and viruses
what type of immunity are natural killer cells?: innate (born with)
what type of immunity are T cells?: cell mediated immunity
WBCs in Leukemia do not...: mature correctly
phagocytize
provide immunity
Signs and Symptoms for ALL and AML: fatigue
pallor
weight loss
repeated infections
easy bruising
nosebleeds
hemorrage
Signs and Symptoms of ALL: bone pain (bone marrow expansion)
infection (too few neutrophils)
CNS and Pulmonary involvement
Hyperuricemia
Treatment of ALL: chemotherapy
irradiation
bone marrow transplant
Massive necrosis of malignant cells during therapy of ALL can lead to: hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hyperuricemia
HYPOcalcemia
HYPOmagnesemia
acidosis
what happens in lymphoma: lymphocytes multiply
crowd out healthy cells
create tumors that enlarge lymph nodes or other parts of immune system
what is the distinguishing cell factor in Hodgkins Lymphoma?: Reed-Sternberg cell
sysns and symptoms of HL: painless increase in single node or multiple
dry cough
persistant fever
night sweats
weight loss
pain in node after drinking alcohol?
Clinical manifestations of HL?: impaired immunity
elevated neutrophils
mild anemia
eosinophilia
hypergammaglobulinemia (early)
hypogammaglobulinemia (late)
stageing of HL based on what?: number (how many nodes involved)
locations (on one or both sides)
has disease metastisized to bone marrow or liver or both
NHL: suspected to be caused by virus
in older adults and immunosupressed
most originate in B cell
spread slowly
NHL pathology: monocytes affected
painless enlarged nodes
may progress to extranodal involvement (nasopharynx, GI tract, abdomen, bone marrow)
Humoral immunity impaired (Hypogammaglobulinemia)
what is Multiple Myeloma?: disorder of plasma cells in which IgG and IgA produced
where do malignant plasma cells gather: in bone marrow to produce a tumor
why does MM affect the skeletal system?: it causes lysis of bone (cytokines) which leads to bone pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, and osteoporosis
how does MM affect the hematological system?: bone marrow infiltration
bone marrow replacement
anemia
thrombocytopenia
bleeding
hypogammaglobulinemia
how des MM affect the renal system?: hyperuricemia due to rapid turnover of cells
hypercalcemic nephropathy
renal infiltration by plasma cells
how does MM affect the nervous system?: cord suppression
intracranial plasma cell masses
neuropathy
what is Hyperviscosity Syndrome?: sludging in capillaries
purpura
retinal hemorrage
papilledema
coronary ischemia
CNS symptoms (vertigo,seizures)
a standard, average, or typical example of a set objects or values: normal
specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms: disease
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absense of disease or infirmity: health
cause of a disease: etiology
the development or evolution of the disease: pathogenesis
changes in life proccess which can be observed: manifestations
abnormal outcome of a disease, treatment, or injury: sequelae
new or separate condition arising from existing condition, often alters prognosis: complication
vital functions of a cell: obtain nutrients and CO2
metabolism
elimination/ excretion
adaptation to enviornment
replication/ reproduction
controls cell division holds all genes: nucleus
composed of pieces of RNA that are the instructions for making protein: ribosomes
reads ribosomes instructions to make protein packages new protein and sends it to golgi body: rough ER
contains hormones and enzymes help breakdown toxins: smooth ER
post office of the cell packages items in the cell and sends them where they need to go: golgi apparatus
powerhouse of the cell aerobic metabolism: mitochondria
breading down stored nutrients to produce energy: catabolism
building up more complex molecules out of simpler ones for energy: anabolism
proteins break down to: amino acids
fats break down to: fatty acids
carbohydrates break down to: glucose
waste products of aerobic metabolism: CO2 and water
if O2 is not present pyruvate becomes: lactic acid
process by which cells divide and reproduce: cell proliferation
the degree to which a gene or a particular group of genes is active: expression
decrease in cell size: atrophy
increase in cell size: hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells: hyperplasia
conversion of one type of cell to another: metaplasia
abnormal cell growth of specific tissue results in cells that vary in size, shape and appearance: dysplasia
critical lack of blood supply to an area: ischemia
death of tissue caused by lack of blood supply: infarction
localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cels in response to disease or injury: necrosis
an electrically uncharged atom or molecule having an unpaired electron: free radical
ex. partial thickness burns heat stroke: low intensity heat injury
ex. electrical burns full thickness burns: high intensity heat injury
complication of radiation therapy: radiation proctosigmoiditis
injured tissue infiltrated with calcium: dystrophic
normal tissue infiltrated with calcium: metastatic
area of coagulative necrosis: gangrene
rigor mortis: stiffness
algor mortis: temperature change
livor mortis: color change

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 169